V2V BLOG
INSIGHTS AND REFLECTIONS
Reflections on the 14th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum (14AFAF)
Navya Nair | PhD Candidate, University of Waterloo, Canada
15 March 2025
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Attending the 14th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum (14AFAF) at the ICAR Convention Centre in New Delhi was an enriching experience that provided invaluable insights into the challenges and opportunities within small-scale fisheries (SSF) in Asia. Themed "Greening the Blue Growth in Asia-Pacific," the conference brought together academics, policymakers, and practitioners to discuss pathways for making fisheries more sustainable and resilient. As a PhD student and researcher in the Vulnerability to Viability (V2V) Global Partnership, I had the opportunity to present my work on “Strengthening Social-Ecological Resilience in Chilika Lagoon: From Vulnerability to Viability in Small-Scale Fisheries”.
The technical sessions showcased a wide range of studies on SSF governance, ecological resilience, and socio-economic transformations. The V2V session, in particular, provided a robust platform for discussing key issues such as resource depletion, governance mismatches, climate vulnerabilities, and socio-economic marginalization in SSFs. The presentation lineup, which included perspectives from India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, and Malaysia, highlighted the commonalities and divergences in SSF challenges across these regions. My research on Chilika Lagoon contributed to this discourse by emphasizing the importance of adaptive co-management and the role of community participation in fostering resilience.
One of the most insightful components of the forum was the V2V Roundtable Discussion, which explored how the V2V Transitions approach can support sustainable fisheries in Asia. The discussions underscored the need for integrated policies that incorporate fisher voices, recognize informal governance systems, and promote co-management practices. The perspectives shared by experts such as Dr. Ratana Chuenpagdee, Dr. Derek Armitage, Dr. Maarten Bavinck, Dr. Basanta Kumar Das, Dr. Philippa Cohen, Dr. Indah Susilowati and other scholars resonated deeply with my research, reinforcing the importance of transdisciplinary collaboration and participatory governance.
As a PhD student, the forum allowed me to engage with experts and practitioners who are actively shaping fisheries policies. The conversations at 14AFAF emphasized the need for research-driven policy interventions that go beyond addressing vulnerabilities to proactively enhancing the viability of SSFs. The experience reinforced my commitment to using research as a tool for social-ecological change, ensuring that SSFs remain resilient and sustainable in the face of ongoing challenges. The event was not just an academic gathering but a call to action, urging us to integrate knowledge across disciplines, bridge the gap between theory and practice, and advocate for inclusive governance models that empower small-scale fishers. The learnings from this forum will undoubtedly shape my future research trajectory and contributions to the V2V Global Partnership.
Reflections on my Participation at the 14th AFAF
Murray Lister | Masters Student, University of Waterloo, Canada
15 March 2025
From February 11th to February 16th, 2025, I along with other Vulnerability to Viability (V2V) Global Partnership scholars had the incredible opportunity to attend the 14th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum (AFAF) in New Delhi, India. This conference had over 800 delegates, governmental officials, policy and practice individuals, and scholars from over 48 countries from around the globe. This conference was titled as “Greening the Blue Growth in Asia Pacific”, and it was a fantastic opportunity that showcased the new and transdisciplinary research being done within Asia working towards greening blue economies. During the conference along with other delegates I gave a presentation on my current research in marine capture fisheries in Indonesia. My research was titled “Determining Adaptive Co-Management Applicability Within Small-Scale Fisheries in Indonesia: Transitioning Fisheries from Vulnerability to Viability”. I explored the abilities of marine capture fisheries to transition from their current management regime into forms of adaptive co-management, increasing community viability.
At the end of the conference after hearing innovative and interdisciplinary research from various scholars, the concluding ceremonies were held to present the awards of the conference. I was delighted to hear that I was awarded the “Best Paper Presentation Award” for my technical session. This accomplishment would not have come to fruition without the incredible support, guidance and advice from my supervisor, Dr. Prateep Kumar Nayak, from the University of Waterloo, Canada. Additionally, my co-supervisor from Indonesia, Prof. Indah Susilowati and the V2V team from Indonesia were key team members, mentors, and friends that allowed this research to come together in fascinating streams.
This conference was a great experience for me, as it was not only my first time in New Delhi, but I was able to create and strengthen my relationships with peers from past events including various V2V field schools, webinars, and conferences. Additionally, the new friends that I was able to connect with during this conference have not only expanded my knowledge of small-scale fisheries in Asia, but have also become my close friends. Overall, the 14th AFAF conference in New Delhi, India, was a great experience, that brought up major challenges in fisheries and aquaculture in Asia, along with innovative solutions to solve these multidimensional problems.
I urge my fellow V2V members, scholars, and researchers to put themselves out there and experience an event and/or conference held by V2V as you will not be disappointed with the friendships, growth and connections that come from them.
V2V Global Partnership Highlights Small-Scale Fisheries at the 14th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum
Shreya Bhattacharya and Basanta Kumar Das, ICAR-CIFRI, India
15 March 2025
The 14th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum, held at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Convention Centre in the NASC Complex, New Delhi, provided a dynamic platform for discussing pressing issues within the fisheries sector. A key session was dedicated to the "Vulnerability to Viability (V2V) Transitions in Small-Scale Fisheries of Asia," which brought together experts, policymakers, and researchers to explore strategies for enhancing the sustainability and resilience of small-scale fisheries (SSF) across the region. During the V2V Global Partnership session, participants examined the socio-economic and environmental vulnerabilities faced by small-scale fishing communities. They engaged in enlightening discussions about challenges such as resource depletion, market access issues, policy gaps, and climate change. To facilitate the transition from vulnerability to viability, the workshop emphasized the urgent need for sustainable livelihood options and effective governance frameworks.
Experts stressed the importance of capacity-building initiatives, policy interventions, and collaboration among stakeholders to support small-scale fishers. They highlighted successful case studies from various parts of Asia where innovative, community-driven approaches have improved economic opportunities and strengthened local governance. The discussions also addressed the role of digital tools and technology in enhancing market access, monitoring fishery resources, and promoting knowledge-sharing among fishing communities. Policymakers and researchers underscored the need for participatory decision-making, ensuring that small-scale fishers play an active role in shaping the policies that affect their livelihoods.
The session concluded with a call for collaborative efforts at both regional and global levels to address gaps in research, policy implementation, and financial support mechanisms. Given that small-scale fisheries play a vital role in food security, employment, and cultural heritage, promoting their transition from vulnerability to viability is essential for sustainable development in Asia. The insights gained from the V2V Global Partnership session are expected to significantly contribute to shaping shaping of policies and practices to ensure the resilience and sustainability of small-scale fisheries in the future.
My learning experience from the 14th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum
Ruyel Miah | PhD Candidate, University of Waterloo, Canada
15 March 2025
Attending the 14th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum (14AFAF) in New Delhi, India, organized by the Asian Fisheries Society, was an enriching experience, both professionally and personally. The forum provided a unique platform to engage with leading experts, researchers, and practitioners in the field of fisheries and aquaculture, offering invaluable insights into the latest developments, challenges, and opportunities in the sector. Presenting my research on transboundary Sundarbans governance for small-scale fisheries as part of the Vulnerability to Viability (V2V) Global Partnership project team allowed me to share my work with a diverse and knowledgeable audience while receiving constructive feedback that will undoubtedly shape the future direction of my research.
The AFAF brought together a diverse group of stakeholders including scientists, policymakers, industry representatives, and community advocates, all united by a common goal of promoting sustainable fisheries and aquaculture practices in Asia. The plenary sessions, technical presentations, and panel discussions covered a wide range of topics, from climate change adaptation and resource management to technological innovations and socio-economic equity. These sessions underscored the interconnectedness of environmental, social, and economic factors in shaping the future of fisheries and aquaculture, reinforcing the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to addressing complex challenges.
One of the most striking aspects of the forum was the emphasis on inclusivity and the role of small-scale fisheries in achieving sustainable development. Many presentations highlighted the vulnerabilities faced by small-scale fishers, particularly in the context of climate change, overfishing, and governance challenges. These discussions resonated deeply with my own research, which focuses on the transboundary governance of the Sundarbans—a globally significant ecosystem shared by India and Bangladesh—and its implications for the livelihoods of small-scale fishers.
Presenting my research on transboundary Sundarbans governance was both a privilege and a learning opportunity. My presentation focused on the challenges of managing shared resources in the Sundarbans, where small-scale fishers often face marginalization due to fragmented governance structures, competing resource uses, and limited access to decision-making processes. I highlighted the role of the V2V Global Partnership in fostering collaborative governance models that prioritize the viability and resilience of small-scale fisheries, emphasizing the need for transboundary cooperation, community engagement, and adaptive management strategies. The feedback I received from the audience was incredibly valuable. Engaging with experts from different disciplines and regions helped me refine my thinking and identify new avenues for research, particularly in terms of integrating traditional ecological knowledge with modern governance frameworks and exploring the potential of digital tools for enhancing stakeholder participation.
The forum reinforced my belief in the importance of transdisciplinary and participatory approaches to fisheries governance. The Sundarbans, as a transboundary ecosystem, presents unique challenges that cannot be addressed by any single country or sector alone. My research must continue to emphasize the need for inclusive, collaborative, and adaptive governance models that empower small-scale fishers and ensure the long-term sustainability of the ecosystem. Moving forward, I plan to deepen my engagement with local communities and stakeholders in the Sundarbans, ensuring that their voices and perspectives are central to my research. The insights gained from the AFAF will undoubtedly inform these efforts, providing a broader context and new ideas for addressing the complex challenges facing the Sundarbans and similar ecosystems worldwide.
Reflection on My V2V Poster for World Wetlands Day
Shahriyer Hossain Shetu | Masters Student, University of Waterloo, Canada
15 March 2025
Presenting my research on Vulnerability to Viability (V2V) in Small-Scale Fisheries at the World Wetlands Day 2025 event was a significant opportunity to bridge critical discussions on wetlands conservation and the resilience of small-scale fisheries (SSF). Wetlands play a fundamental role in sustaining fisheries by providing breeding grounds, supporting biodiversity, and acting as natural buffers against climate-induced disasters. However, the increasing vulnerabilities in both wetlands and SSFs—due to climate change, governance failures, and environmental degradation, underscore the urgency of sustainable management strategies.
Through my poster, I aimed to highlight the key drivers, governance shifts, and future pathways essential for transitioning SSFs from vulnerability to viability. The V2V Global Partnership, which forms the backbone of my research, provides a valuable framework for understanding how participatory governance, resilience-building, and adaptive strategies can help small-scale fishers navigate the complex socio-ecological challenges they face. My research utilizes a triangulation approach, integrating secondary data analysis, semi-structured interviews, and literature review to offer a comprehensive perspective on the evolution of the V2V network.
One of the most rewarding aspects of this experience was engaging with a diverse audience—fellow researchers, students, policymakers, and environmental professionals, who brought different insights into the intersection of wetlands conservation and SSFs. These discussions reinforced the interconnectedness of wetland ecosystems and small-scale fisheries, especially in vulnerable coastal and riverine communities. Many attendees were particularly interested in the governance dimension, questioning how local communities could be more actively involved in decision-making processes that affect their livelihoods. Their perspectives helped me reflect on the need for more integrative policies that consider both ecological and socio-economic sustainability.
Furthermore, World Wetlands Day served as a powerful reminder of the global urgency of wetland protection. As I observed other presentations and discussions, I realized that while my research focuses on SSFs, its implications extend far beyond fisheries. The vulnerabilities I explore—climate threats, economic instability, and governance challenges— are shared across various environmental sectors. This realization motivates me to expand my research lens, considering broader sustainability transitions beyond fisheries governance.
Looking ahead, my participation in this event has reinforced my commitment to applied research that informs policy and practice. The discussions and feedback I received will help refine my research objectives, particularly in terms of exploring nature-based solutions and community-led governance models for SSFs. Ultimately, the goal remains clear; to contribute to sustainable pathways that ensure the long-term resilience of both small-scale fisheries and the wetland ecosystems they depend on.
Reflections on my Participation in the Sundarbans Winter Field School
Moumita Dey | St. Xavier’s College Burdwan, India
15 March 2025
I had the opportunity to visit the Sundarbans as a participant in the Winter Field School and as an intern for the Aquamuse Project from 17th to 23rd January 2025. As a human geography student, I have primarily relied on field surveying techniques for research since my early college days. This time, however, I collaborated with academics, scholars, and activists on a shared platform. The field school was held on Kumirmari Island, a unique riverine landform surrounded by rivers, that faces the powerful forces of nature each year.
One of the most valuable lessons I learned was the clarity it brought to my understanding of ‘research’ and ‘reflection’. It took me three days to grasp the essential differences between these two concepts. I am particularly grateful to speakers such as Sisir Sir, Jenia Mam, Anuradha Mam, Bala Sir, Priyadarshi Sir, and Prateep Sir, who emphasized the importance of reflection in field research and encouraged us to adopt a more inclusive and participatory approach.
During the field school, I was part of a group comprising individuals from diverse disciplines like literature, visual arts, and social sciences. Together, we explored the themes of “Resilience ” and “Governance”. My team, alongside other participants, visited various parts of Kumirmari Island, using walking and observation as our primary methods. Interacting with people from different social strata, ages, and genders has provided us with valuable insights into the community’s complexities.
A key observation was the role of economic migration as a resilience strategy for Kumirmari. Faced with economic losses due to cyclone-induced floods and rapid riverbank erosion, the community has turned to migration. This has led to shifts in social structures, particularly in gender roles. Women have become more active in the paid economy, though they still carry the added burden of unpaid care work and household responsibilities. I observed women working tirelessly throughout the day, with their work and recreational spaces often overlapping. They would share stories while performing communal tasks such as washing utensils or fetching water from local taps or tube wells.
One particularly eye-opening experience for me was the contrast between my perception of safety and that of the local women. I was surprised to find them participating in a cockfighting game, where they not only brought their wild cocks but also sold local liquor. While men engaged in gambling and drinking, the women remained focused on their tasks. Despite the chaotic environment, I was deeply impressed by their courage and resilience. These women also sorted fish with male fishermen and organized its distribution among local households. They explained that the community support system helps them manage their households in the absence of their husbands or male family members.
The governance system in Kumirmari operates without formal structures, relying on a close-knit network of neighbors and kin. This informal yet active system plays a crucial role in sustaining the community's livelihoods, especially in areas like water usage, agriculture, and fishing. The everyday challenges faced by the people have fostered a strong sense of unity. Their resilience strategies have succeeded largely due to this informal community governance, which ensures that everyone’s basic needs are met, promoting both social cohesion and economic survival.
Defend the Sea
A Poem by Franklyn J. Wallace | an environmental researcher who works for Restoring a Clean Environment in Jamaica
15 March 2025
This great resource we've all enjoyed,
A priceless treasure in our hand,
By heartless few, is being destroyed
By careless practice on the land.
Our shores being wrecked
through selfish greed,
Polluted by their toxic waste,
The gentle corals disappear
With Fish migrating in a haste.
This great assault upon the sea
Is all for economic gain.
Yes, great rewards for just a few
Bring to the oceans, lifelong pain.
Protecting our inheritance
On Mountain, Plains and Sea,
On this, united we all stand
Until a change we see.
Imported plastics from their shelves
Now scattered cross the ocean floor
Bring serious injury to ourselves.
This gem we have, could be no more.
And now, to mine our shores they seek,
But with one voice we take a stand.
It will be more than words we speak,
Defending this, our Glorious land!
Protecting our inheritance
On mountain , plains and sea ,
On This, united we all stand
Until a_change_we see..
Umoja Tunasimama..
United We Stand !
Emperor Elijah Abeid Cazembe Muata Franklyn J WallaceRACE ( Restoring A Clean Environment) Jamaica W.I.
To Humanity
A Poem by Franklyn J. Wallace | an environmental researcher who works for Restoring a Clean Environment in Jamaica
The strong winds rage towards our shores.
The ancient mountains quake.
Earth says she can bear no more;
She's full, for goodness’ sake.
As we annihilate the trees,
The hills stretch, long and bare.
As we destroy the world around,
The dark clouds shed a tear..
On Humanity,
Can you feel her pain?
Oh, Humanity,
Will she weep In vain?
Humanity!
Can you hear her cry?
Oh, Humanity,
Countless souls may die.
Miles and miles across the globe
Brothers waste away,
Frightened victims got no hope,
Hurting night and day.
Doctors say they've got no cure,
Brothers take no heed.
Reckless, crazy games they play
Mother Earth now bleeds..
For Humanity.
The plates now shift, the polar melts,
From deeds that we have done.
The ozone's gone, the temp's betray the fury of the sun.
The bombs you test beneath the seas and earth in _sonic_ boom,
Bring dreadful waves upon the land And wreak horrendous doom
on Humanity.
Soon, you'll be bakin’, Soon you'll be quakin’.
Ignore the plea and you'll be mistaken.
Heed the warning. You're on the wrong track.
It's head on collison. You've got to turn back!
Humanity!
Can you hear her plea?
Oh, Humanity !
Look, while you can see, Humanity!
Danger lies in store.
Oh, Humanity,
Earth can take no more.
Franklyn J Wallace Emperor Elijah Abeid Cazembe Muata.
RACE ( Restoring A Clean Environment )
Zoomorphism in Kumirmari : A Photo Essay on Human Animal Interconnectedness
Soumi Bandyopadhyay | M.Phil scholar, Diamond Harbour Women's University, India
15 January 2025
In the complex and dynamic realms of Kumirmari lines between human existence and non human beings blur. Here, the river winds through the landscape like a serpent, the landscape features a name meaning crocodile ( Kumir ’ in Bengali), and the silhouette of the tiger stretches beyond forest boundaries. Through this photographic essay, I shall try to explore the intense zoomorphic consciousness in Kumirmari wherein animals move from mere symbolism into being integral to everyday survival, fear, and worship.
The Crocodile’s Legacy: Kumirmari’s Namesake:
“Kumirmari”, the name itself is a fossilized memory of a time when crocodiles ruled these waters. Though their numbers have dwindled, their presence lingers in stories and fears.
Fishermen as Fish: A Life Between Land and Water:
We are like fish,” say the fishermen of Kumirmari. “We live by the river, and if it turns against us, we die by it too.”
The Boat with Wings: Migration as Survival
Like migratory birds, Kumirmari’s people move with the seasons. When the floods come, the land is no longer theirs, and they take flight—some to the cities, some to uncertain futures.
The Tiger’s Gaze: A Landscape of Fear and Faith:
The tiger is not merely an animal, but a force of nature, a protector of the wildinbalance. The Banabibi shrine reminds the Kumirmari people that survival is not merely a question of skill—but of reverence.
The River Serpent: Tides of Uncertainty
The river is a serpent—calm one moment, coiling and striking the next. Every monsoon, its fangs sink into the land, swallowing homes and fields.
Prey and Predator: An Unequal Struggle
The rich are tigers; we are deer.” In Kumirmari, zoomorphism extends beyond nature—it shapes social hierarchies, where power is defined by who hunts and who is hunted.
Zoomorphism in Kumirmariis not just about metaphor—it is about existence. In a landscape where humans, animals, and the elements constantly negotiate their place, the boundaries between species dissolve. To live here is to embody many forms: to be as patient as a crocodile, as fierce as a tiger, as transient as a bird.
Reflections from Kolleru Lake Community Camp
Greeshma Prakash Sherly | Master's Student, University of Waterloo, Canada
15 January 2025
In December 2024, I had the opportunity to attend a weeklong field school in Kolleru Lake, Andhra Pradesh, with 25 students from different institutions in India and professionals from academia and government departments. The field school provided a platform for us to analyze the Kolleru Lake system through the lens of three main overarching themes such as complex socio-ecological system, the process of commonization and decommonization, and vulnerability to viability transitions.
All participants were divided into three groups, which helped to enrich the discussion and reflection session throughout the event with unique perspectives and vast knowledge.
We visited Mondikodu village, Atakapa Bird Sanctuary, Prathiko-Lanka village, Water testing center, and Kingfish-Aquaculture Feed Factory as part of our field trip. The three groups gathered insights through observations and casual conversations with local community members and stakeholders. The insight synthesis and analysis were then carried out through the lens of the theoretical framework using observational notes, field notes, co-synthesis discussion by team members, and finally, knowledge sharing through presentations and reports. This experience was eye-opening for me because it helped to broaden my thinking and enhance my knowledge, especially due to the diverse mix of people in the group.
Engaging with students and professionals with varied backgrounds brought unique perspectives and critical thinking into the classroom, reminding me to stay open-minded and consider multiple perspectives before jumping to conclusions.
Along with enhancing our knowledge, the entire field camp also emphasized the importance of group dynamics in the learning process. Throughout the camp, we engaged with different participants who were highly skilled and knowledgeable in diverse domains. Overwhelmed by the vast amount of wisdom shared by others, I realized that it is not about knowing everything. Still, it’s also about openness and curiosity of learning that decides our success. Being in such an environment remains a spark in my mind to grow, learn, and listen more, motivating me to keep expanding my knowledge and skills.
Reflections on my Kolleru Lake Community Camp Experience
Renuka karunaipragasam, Graduate Student, Pondichery University, India
15 January 2025
As a recent Environmental Science graduate, I found the Kolleru Lake Field School an invaluable opportunity to explore various aspects of my knowledge. The program helped me step out of my comfort zone and provided a clear path to start my career.
The field school had three topics to work on. I was part of the third group, focusing on "Vulnerabilities to Viabilities." Our group visited Mondikodu and Chettunapadu villages, where we engaged with the local communities to understand their perspectives on aquaculture and fish farming. For some individuals, aquaculture proved economically beneficial, while for others, it negatively impacted their daily livelihoods. The problems faced by the community may appear common, but I observed that the levels of vulnerabilities varied significantly from person to person. Community members voiced concerns over flooding, pollution of Kolleru Lake, and socio-economic challenges, offering insights into how the lake’s vulnerability is deeply rooted in environmental and socio-economic factors. At the same time, its viability depends on the sustainable management and availability of its resources. Our visit to the Kolleru Bird Sanctuary was another enlightening experience. The sanctuary’s official provided an overview of the lake’s history, highlighting the impacts of shifting agricultural lands to aquaculture, illegal encroachments, and implementing "Operation Kolleru." These discussions offered a comprehensive understanding of the lake’s challenges.
Additionally, we visited a shrimp and fish feed manufacturing site called Nexgen, where we learned about the feed production process and how the company supports local aquaculture farmers by offering these feeds at genuine prices. These visits provided a wealth of insightful information. These observations and questions were further explored during our reflection sessions, where the group collectively discussed and deepened our understanding of these themes.
A key takeaway from this field school is the importance of asking and exploring questions without rushing to conclusions, as vulnerabilities are dynamic and multifaceted. As someone interested in GIS mapping, I had the chance to create a study area map for my group presentation, which was an exciting and confidence-boosting experience. This opportunity taught me to learn, reflect, collaborate, present my perspectives, approach research questions, and write an effective research paper. It also allowed me to form valuable connections with individuals from various universities and work alongside them.
The guidance of Prof. Prateep and Dr. Sisir Sir was particularly impactful. Their teaching methods made complex concepts easily understandable, and Sisir Sir’s engaging games between sessions made the learning process enjoyable. The field school taught me how to work as part of a team, communicate my ideas effectively, and think critically about research.
Overall, the Kolleru Lake Field School was a memorable and transformative experience I will always treasure. It expanded my academic and professional horizons and equipped me with the confidence and skills to embark on my career journey.
Winter in the Sundarbans: A Picture-Perfect Season to Observe Life and Livelihood
Sanzida Alam, Master's Student, University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh
15 January 2025
The Sundarbans in winter look more picture-perfect and alive than ever. I recently visited the Sundarbans as part of a project on non-economic loss and damage in the southern belt of Bangladesh. We stayed in Munshiganj, Sundarbans, for five days, visiting various villages in the area to collect data through transect walks, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). During this time, I had the opportunity to witness the unique lifestyles and livelihoods of the small-scale fishermen in the Sundarbans and how the mangrove forest itself transforms throughout the day.
Very early in the morning, the dense fog is so thick that the mighty Sundarbans and its towering trees remain hidden from view. The forest disappears into the mist, making it hard to see anything at all. In the later hours of the morning, the tide is low, and this is when the Red Fiddler Crabs make their appearance. These crabs are mainly found along sea beaches, brackish inter-tidal mudflats, and in the mangrove areas. However, if they sense your presence, they’ll disappear under the mud before you even notice. Looking across the river, you’ll notice the trees appear more white than green. It’s the migratory birds that have taken over the green canopy of the Sundarbans.
As the day progresses, the fishermen head out to the rivers to fish in the later afternoon, when the sun is warmer, and the high tides fill the river with water. These fishermen employ various fishing practices. Some groups are seen fixing their nets, while others prepare wooden traps. There are those who float on the tides, fishing hooks in the water, patiently waiting for a catch while basking in the warm sun. You might also see fishermen catching crabs along the shores.
On the other side of the village, the paddy fields are being harvested, and the land is being prepared for the next crop. At the same time, the villagers are getting ready for “Pitha Utsob”, a traditional celebration in Bangladesh after the paddy harvest, particularly during fall and winter. The Bonobibi Puja festival is also just around the corner, eagerly awaited by the Hindu communities in the village. Bonobibi, the goddess of the forest, is believed to protect the villagers and the small-scale fisheries from the dangers of the Sundarbans.
Winter in the Sundarbans is a relatively calm season, with fewer natural disasters. The skies are clear, and a dense fog lingers in the morning. The harvest season, combined with the cooler, peaceful atmosphere, has made Munshiganj a serene place. Despite the hardships the people in this community face, they remain hopeful and positive about their future and are grateful for the Sundarbans, which continue to provide their livelihood and protect them from all kids of harm.
Reflections on My Research Progress
Prince Agyapong | Master's Student, University of Waterloo, Canada
15 November 2024
In my research, “Transitioning from Vulnerability to Viability: Adaptive Responses of Artisanal River Gold Mining in Ankobra River scale Fishery Communities, Ghana,” I explored the socio-economic and ecological impacts of artisanal gold mining on the fishing communities of Sanwoma, Eziome and Ajomoro Eshiem. Through surveys and interviews, I examined the extent of gold mining activities and their effects on the local fishing industry, uncovering significant environmental degradation that threatens fish populations and traditional livelihoods. Community members shared concerns over pollution and declining fish yields, which intensify financial instability and health risks. This research stage highlighted a need for urgent sustainable interventions that promote both the river ecosystem and the communities dependent on it.
Furthermore, I mapped the communities’ adaptive responses, revealing resilient efforts, such as income diversification, despite limited resources and external support. Discussions with local leaders and environmental representatives underline the critical role of collaboration and support in strengthening these efforts. This experience has provided me with valuable insights into the vulnerabilities of these communities and their adaptability in the face of environmental threats. Moving forward, I aim to integrate these findings to help inform policy recommendations that promote sustainable solutions and resilience for the Ankobra communities impacted by artisanal gold mining.
Reflections on the Geospatial Map Seminar
Murray Lister | Master's Student, University of Waterloo, Canada
15 November 2024
"On September 20th, 2024, I gave a seminar to various students from the University of Diponegoro in the Faculty of Business and Economics enrolled in the “Natural Resource Economics” class. Alongside me for the seminar were assistants to Professor Indah Susilowati, including Ory, Anggun, Fika, Zayinn, and Ika, who aided in translation for students who struggled to ask or answer questions in English. This seminar was focused on creating a geospatial map (also called a recognition survey) with an accurate scale for their research papers. The seminar was designed to help students in “Natural Resource Economics” understand and learn a standardized way of creating a geospatial map with an accurate scale from Google Maps.
The seminar took place from 1 PM to 4 PM and was held in the Muladi Dome (the biggest dome in Central Java), on the University of Diponegoro campus. Students from research groups from the class “Natural Resource Economics” were asked to send one to two representatives to this seminar who had a background in computer technology, as the process of creating the geospatial map with the software could be difficult for some individuals to understand without a sound background in computer technology. To conduct this seminar, I connected my laptop to a TV screen that allowed students to watch me perform and create a geospatial map step-by-step and take notes on the process. After I had completed the presentation of the step-by-step process, there was a question-and-answer period, where many students brought up insightful and thought-provoking questions.
Many of the questions had to do with scaling the geospatial map which I was able to answer in a more personalized manner for each of the students such as providing alternative ways of creating their scale from Google Maps by measuring the scale or taking it directly from Google Maps itself. After the questions from the students were answered, a student from the audience was asked to share their computer screen on the TV with the rest of the group and take us through the step-by-step process that was just explained on how to create a geospatial map. This was done so that the assistants and I could ensure that the students had understood and comprehended the technical process of creating this complex map. After the students completed the recreation of the geospatial map process, we all took a group photo to commemorate this seminar.
Overall, this seminar was a great way for students, assistants of Prof Indah, and myself to learn, understand, and explain how to create a geospatial map with proper scaling to utilize within future research papers and projects. This seminar-style process allowed all members to share thoughts, ask questions, and receive feedback in an accepting and understanding environment that was beneficial to all. This experience was a great way to not only build our geospatial mapping skills but also to foster connections with peers in the broader academic community at the University of Diponegoro."
Reflections from the Summer Course in Indonesia
Murray Lister | Master's Student, University of Waterloo, Canada
15 November 2024
From October 3rd to October 8th, 2024, I had the amazing opportunity to attend the Indonesia Summer Course at the Universitas of Diponegoro in Semarang, Indonesia. This summer course was conducted in collaboration with the Universitas of Diponegoro, UNIRAZAK Malaysia, and the Vulnerability to Viability Global Partnership. Academics, scholars, policy professionals, community members, and governmental leaders came together to discuss the important topics of coastal communities using a vulnerability to viability approach. During the classroom portion of the Summer Course, over 50 students from the Universitas of Diponegoro and over 40 students, early career researchers, and policy and practice professionals joined from over three continents and ten countries. This was an amazing experience to learn the knowledge, perspectives, and ideas of people from around the globe, all with varying perspectives on transitioning coastal communities from vulnerability to viability.
After the in-classroom portion of the summer course, various participants traveled to fishing communities in the Demak region of Indonesia and the Jepara region of Indonesia. During these community visits, participants had in-depth discussions with fishers, fisherwives, fish processors, fish traders, and other members of fishing communities. These discussions highlighted the various challenges that fishing communities face within Indonesia's diverse regions and the strategies they are currently employing to overcome and adapt to these challenges. These discussions with fishing community members opened my eyes to how adaptable and resilient communities and fishers are when facing challenges that pose imminent risks to their livelihood. These conversations put into perspective the challenges that I face every day in Canada and how different they are from the challenges faced by fishing communities in coastal communities.
Overall, the Summer Course in Indonesia has allowed me to reflect on my experiences through an understanding that if one does not get out of their comfort zone and learn new perspectives, travel to new places, or talk with individuals who may not have the same ideals as you, you will never grow and learn. This Summer Course has taught me to push myself past my boundaries to ask the difficult questions and to go to distant, unfamiliar places and communities to gain knowledge and perspectives that will enable me to not only grow as a person but to help these vulnerable communities tackle challenges that they face daily.
I urge everyone to attend a Vulnerability to Viability Global Partnership field course, summer course, or seminar to understand the perspectives and stories of coastal communities. These experiences will leave you with new questions, thoughts, and ideas you would never learn in the comfort of your own country. You will also leave these amazing discussions with new friends and connections with people from around the globe that will only become stronger and more collaborative with time.
Reflections from Chilika-V2V Annual Field School Chilika Field School- An Unforgettable Experience
Upasna Acharya | PhD Student, University of Waterloo, Canada
15 September 2024
It's been quite some time since I last travelled independently. While I used to enjoy travelling for work and leisure, my current responsibilities as a mother, caring for my toddler, and navigating the challenges of an international PhD program have shifted my priorities. Despite this, I firmly believe that personal growth thrives beyond one's comfort zone and embracing the unknown. At times, taking a step forward without excessive worry and having faith in the unfolding of events is essential. With this mindset, I made the decision to participate in a summer field school taking place along the coast of the Bay of Bengal, India, far from my familiar surroundings. Coming from a country known for its majestic peak, “Mount Everest,” I had never experienced coastal living or the tranquility of lagoons. The prospect of participating in a week-long summer school at the Chilika lagoon captivated me as it promised an experience entirely novel to me.
Moreover, as a member of the V2V group, I have repeatedly encountered commendations for this field school, reflecting its capacity to offer not only a platform for learning and collaboration but also a supportive network conducive to enduring relationships. Driven by enthusiasm, I joined the field school alongside a few others from the University of Waterloo and later connected with participants from all over the world. The Chilika Field School brought together a diverse group of over 40 participants from various countries, fostering extensive collaboration and knowledge sharing. What truly stood out was the incredible diversity among the participants, encompassing fresh graduates, early career researchers to seasoned professionals representing academia, non-governmental organizations, and coastal communities. This inclusive environment exemplified transdisciplinarity, with no barriers based on age or field.
As we embarked on a one-week-long Krushna Chandra Jena Chilika-V2V Annual Field School, the warm reception from the organizing team, which included the Vulnerability to Viability (V2V) Global Partnership, University of Waterloo, the Rekhi Center of Excellence for the Science of Happiness at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, and NIRMAN Odisha, left a lasting impression. The thumping beats of the drums and the exceptional hospitality at Panthanivas, Barkul made our stay truly unforgettable. The program's well-crafted balance of classroom learning, and hands-on field training allowed us to deeply immerse ourselves in Chilika Lagoon's dynamic ecosystem while forging close connections with coastal communities. Each morning, we were greeted by invigorating fresh air and breathtaking vistas, inspiring us to delve deeper into understanding the significance of Chilika to its stewards and the broader community. Our visit to the Badakul fishing village provided a valuable opportunity for meaningful interactions, offering insights into the dynamics, challenges, and recent hardships faced by the village commons.
On the second day, we had the opportunity to partake in a truly unique experience at the Nalaban Bird Sanctuary. While en route to the sanctuary, we had to switch from a motorized boat to a manual one to reach our destination. This transition served as a powerful reminder that despite technological advancements, nature has a way of grounding us. It reinforced the importance of respecting and coexisting with nature. From Nalaban, when we proceeded to the Kalijai temple, a profound sense of peace and gratitude showered over us. We witnessed the deep-rooted belief of the local community in Ma Kalijai's protective presence against drowning, which resonated with us and emphasized the power of hope and prayers. Additionally, visiting the vibrant Balugaon fish markets and collection center provided us with a firsthand look into the bustling nature of the fish trade. Amidst the chaos, we took the opportunity to engage with local stakeholders, gaining valuable insights into the region's fisheries value chain from diverse perspectives and realizing the significance of Chilika in catering to the needs of people from distant places.
Our subsequent visits to the Olive Ridley Turtle Conservation and the Mangalajodi Wetland Conservation were equally inspiring. Both sites illustrated the power of collective action and communal commitment to conservation efforts. The collaborative conservation initiatives observed at these locations underscored the harmonious coexistence of nature and humanity. Notably, the transformation of the boatmen and guides at the Mangalajodi Wetland Conservation exemplified the potential for positive change, serving as a testament to the remarkable impact of good deeds. This reminded me of David Attenborough's popular quote "If we take care of nature, nature will take care of us." The profound transformation of the individuals in Mangalajodi perfectly embodies this sentiment, reflecting their evolution from poachers to passionate protectors of the environment. Their dedication and belief in the interconnectedness of all life serve as an inspiring example of the transformative power of environmental stewardship.
However, these transformations have not been devoid of challenges. The Chilika region has grappled with sea mouth alterations, illicit aquaculture, sedimentation, pollution, and frequent cyclones. Interactions with the fishing community revealed prominent concerns about dwindling fish yields and their impact on livelihoods and families. Despite these adversities, the people of Chilika maintain a deep-rooted faith and reverence for “Mother Chilika.” Their unwavering belief in the care provided by Mother Chilika throughout history forms the basis for their coping mechanisms and adaptability. This profound faith in Chilika is central to the community's resilience and is reflected in their narratives.
As I look back on my experience in Chilika, I can't help but marvel at the profound personal connection I formed and the insights I gained. Chilika taught me about the unwavering strength of a mother and the incredible bond between a mother and her children. Like the lake draws life from the ocean and gives it back, a mother's love is selfless and nurturing. Chilika's natural beauty and tranquility are a powerful reminder to let go and embrace serenity. It's a place that continues to inspire resilience and growth, and I am grateful I could be part of it.
Finally, I express my heartfelt thanks to the V2V partnership and all the dedicated partners who put their hearts into organizing the Chilika field school. I also want to extend a big thank you to all the participants and community representatives who shared their invaluable insights, stories, and reflections. Your contributions have truly made the Chilika field school an experience unforgettable!
Insights on my Participation in the Chilika-V2V Annual Field School in India
Reashan Ujjaman | Master's Student, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
15 September 2024
I have always sought opportunities to participate in scientific gatherings and engage with scholars in the field of my interest: small-scale fisheries and social-ecological systems. I am always eager to connect with more experts, early career researchers, and graduate students working on the social-ecological systems of small-scale fisheries worldwide and interact with them. The V2V Annual Field School, held from August 3-10 in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, was an incredible experience as it allowed me to learn new things and forge connections with people from various countries, regions, age groups, cultures, and academic backgrounds. The exceptional friendliness, hospitality, cooperation, and eagerness to participate in the shared learning process shown by the locals was an outstanding experience for me. I learned a lot from this field school, from the Chilika community of, and from all of the participants. This environment fostered meaningful connections and facilitated the exchange of knowledge, contributing significantly to the overall success of the program. I will miss these moments, that's for sure.
One exhilarating moment for me was to meet world-renowned scholars whose work I have been citing and using since I have grown my research interest. I had the chance to discuss my research and future plans with them, and I was struck by how approachable and down-to-earth they were when interacting with students. Their words and experiences have inspired me to continue working in this field and contribute to positive change for the often marginalized and undervalued small-scale fishing communities worldwide. Another significant opportunity provided by the field school was meeting a group of self-motivated, enthusiastic, and energetic students from 14 different countries who aspire to make meaningful contributions to the transition from vulnerability to viability in small-scale fisheries.
The group engagement program, field visits, and interactions with community members, along with the exploration of local wildlife, offered new perspectives and understanding of the socio-ecological dynamics of the Chillika Lagoon. The vulnerable local fishing communities shared valuable insights about local vulnerabilities, which will help us conduct our research on "Vulnerability to Viability".
According to the field observations, fishing holds a significant role at the social, political, and economic levels, especially in regions where the ecosystem's disturbances can heighten the vulnerability of local populations. Despite current challenges, both ecotourism and fishing remain vital for the socio-economic development of Chilika. However, their potential can be fully realized only through better organization and good governance. Notably, I observed similarities between this area and my research focus on evaluating key factors that contribute to the success or failure of alternative livelihood interventions within the Sundarbans fisher communities. The insights gained from the field school will be useful to me in various aspects of my ongoing research.
Heart to heart, Mind to mind, and Soul to soul with community members in Badakul fishing village, Chilika Lagoon, Odisha, India
Siddikur Rahman Sujon | Master's Student, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
15 September 2024
Collaborative brainstorming sessions brought together senior scholars and students, fostering critical evaluation of Chilika’s ecosystem concerns and highlighting future directions for stakeholder empowerment and biodiversity preservation. Meeting these great minds, who generously shared their expertise, wisdom, and inspirational journeys, was both a pleasure and an honor. We exchanged ideas, expanded our networks, and enjoyed every bit of our social time together outside the formal teaching schedule.
Overall, the field school was a successful and transformative experience for me. It expanded my research network, deepened my understanding of significant research, and motivated me to continue contributing to issues of national and global importance. I extend my gratitude to the field school director, Dr. Prateep Kumar Nayak, and the V2V Global Partnership for allowing me to participate in this enriching program from which I've gained invaluable experiences and insights. I am also grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Mohammad Mahmudul Islam, for the opportunity to attend, and to Ruyel Miah, PhD Candidate at the University of Waterloo, Canada, for his unconditional logistical support. Reflecting on that week, it was a transformative experience where ideas flourished, and connections were ignited. The V2V field school marked a brilliant chapter in my academic journey.
Mangrove Magic: The Sundarbans tale of resilience
Gitashree | Research Scholar at ICAR-CIFRI, Kolkata, India
15 September 2024
As I wandered through the Sundarbans, I was amazed by how its communities have defied the odds, and incredibly adapted to one of the world's largest mangrove forests.The Sundarbans, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a vast expanse of mangrove forests straddling India and Bangladesh, and is renowned for its unique biodiversity and challenging environment. Sundarbans ecosystems are affected by extreme climatic events such as Aila, Hud Hud, Fani, Bul Bul, Amphan, Yaas, Remal and floods around the year. Their economy is affected by these natural calamities. Amidst this challenging ecosystem, a hardy community of small-scale fishers has thrived for centuries. These communities have developed a deep-rooted connection with the mangroves, relying on them for a variety of livelihoods. Fishing is a primary occupation, with locals using traditional methods in the waterways of the Sundarbans. The fish they catch provide essential nutrition as well as a decent income. Boat-building is another source of livelihood, artisans craft boats for both fishing and transportation from the very wood that grows in the surrounding mangroves.
Beyond these traditional livelihoods, the communities have also found innovative ways to utilize the mangroves' resources. Tourism has become popular with locals operating boats for visitors eager to experience the Sundarbans unique biodiversity and the elusive Bengal tiger. A unique aspect of the Sundarbans economy is the collection of wild honey. Honey collectors, known as Mouwalis, risk the dangers of the mangroves to gather this prized commodity, which is sold locally and internationally.
Women in the community are actively engaged in economic activities, such as collecting tiger prawn larvae, making traditional fishing gear, net mending, crafting jewelry from fish shells, and selling honey, fruits, and vegetables. These activities provide vital income and strengthen their families' resilience. Interestingly, nearly every household in the Sundarbans has a backyard pond where fish seeds are released to raise fish for personal consumption and sale. Fish, rich in protein and essential nutrients, is a dietary staple in Sundarbans.
The story of the Sundarbans is one of hope and resilience. It focuses on the importance of adaptability and diversification in the face of adversity. By utilizing the mangroves' resources and adopting diverse livelihood strategies, the Sundarbans communities are thriving. Their journey from vulnerability to viability offers valuable lessons for other coastal and marginalized communities facing similar challenges around the world. However, sustaining these livelihoods will require careful management of the natural resources they rely on. Conservation efforts, with sustainable development practices, will be essential in ensuring that the mangroves and coastal commons continue to provide for future generations.
Reflection on Field Research in Coastal Markets
Siva Sankararao Mallavarapu | Research Associate, Thompsons River University, Canada
15 September 2024
As a researcher, field experiences are often where the true depth of our work comes to light. On a rainy day at the Balugaon Fish Market in Odisha, my visit as part of the V2V Global Field School was a prime example of how immersive field research can offer profound insights into local economies. Joining many dedicated researchers from the around the world, we delved into the bustling market, eager to better understand the vital role that marginalized communities play in sustaining its daily operations.
Armed with a sense of curiosity, I found myself keenly observing as few of the field school participants posed a series of probing questions to the local mahajan (market middleman). The focus of the inquiries was simple yet critical: How do marginalized communities contribute to the market's dynamics, particularly regarding price determination, quality control, and the volume of fish being traded?
Seated at a modest stall amidst the market’s daily hustle, the mahajan offered detailed explanations about the participation of local fishers in the sales and purchasing processes. He shared the challenges they face in negotiating prices, ensuring the quality of their catch, and sustaining their livelihoods in an often-unpredictable environment. He also highlighted how the fish caught by these fishers are not just sold locally but also exported to other regions—emphasizing the often overlooked but significant contributions these communities make to the broader economy.
Reflecting on this experience, I was reminded of the importance of field research. Engaging directly with local stakeholders provides an opportunity to gather insights that are often missed in theoretical or economic analyses. The nuanced understanding we gain by interacting with the people who live and work in these environments allows for a more holistic approach to research. It also deepens our empathy and broadens our perspective on the challenges faced by these communities, which is crucial for designing effective interventions.
This visit to Balugaon was not an isolated event but part of a larger effort by 2024 Chilika Field School organized by V2V Global Partnership to understand and support the livelihoods of fishing communities in coastal and inland regions of India. Field research is not just about collecting data—it’s about amplifying the voices of marginalized groups, understanding their indispensable roles, and ensuring that their contributions to local markets and economies are recognized. The insights gathered from experiences like this will not only enrich ongoing research projects but also contribute to policy recommendations aimed at fostering more equitable market practices. Field research serves as a bridge between academia and real-world applications, allowing us to transform knowledge into action. As researchers, it is our responsibility to ensure that our work supports the resilience of these communities and leads to more inclusive, sustainable solutions. This reflection has reinforced my belief in the power of hands-on research to drive meaningful change. By immersing ourselves in the realities of those we study, we can craft research that is not only academically rigorous but also socially relevant making a tangible impact on the lives of those who need it most.
Chilika Field School: A Journey of (un)-disciplining, (un)-knowing, hope, and healing
Nabanita Samanta | Doctoral Researcher, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
15 September 2024
The Chilika Field School provided the much-needed breathing space to free myself from hubris and hustle, and to embark on an exploratory journey of un-disciplining and (un)knowing. This allowed me to embrace the full spectrum of being-in-the-world. Professor Prateep’s reminder that our engagements during the Field School were meant for just reflection (rather than research) was humbling. It encouraged me to approach the observations with greater openness and receptiveness. Instead of succumbing to the rush for facts and reason, I learned to suspend conclusive reasoning and dwell in emerging questions—questions I tried to articulate simply based on observations and reflections from the field visits. For me, this exercise of opening up to the many hues of realities (reality in its plural and polymorphous form, which we can only partially know), unblinded by preconceptions and free from disciplinary and institutional prescriptions, has been one of the most cherished takeaways from the Field School.
Every journey into the ‘field’ – whether to the Nalaban bird sanctuary, Mangalajodi conservation site, the Kalijai temple, the fish market, the villages or the fish processing center, as we tried to engage with the social-ecological assemblages of Chilika lagoon – left me brimming with questions and reflections. These thoughts and ideas continue to resonate with me even beyond the spacetime of the Field School. I hardly anticipate beforehand that this exploratory journey would turn out to be so engaging that some of our brain-storming sessions and discussions with fellow participants extended till late nights, driven by our unbounded curiosity and active reflections (as opposed to instrumentalist knowing)!
Working in a group comprised of participants from diverse backgrounds – both academically and socio-culturally – offered another avenue for un-disciplining. While there were moments of disagreements and even frustration, as working in a group inevitably presents challenges, in the end, we managed to forge meaningful connections. I believe these connections were made possible by the Field School’s pedagogical approaches, which encouraged us not only to think together but also to see, feel, and be together. Animated by creativity, care and camaraderie, these moments of togetherness turned the Field School into a space of healing and hope. As we traverse our own worlds, often being baffled by the vulnerabilities or cherishing the possibilities amidst uncertainties of a world reeling from poly-crises and various forms of divisiveness, it is these connections —or the potential to connect, however ephemeral or lasting—that may serve as an antidote to the banality of pessimism.
In Picture: Adrift at the Chilika lagoon --- I took this photo during a boat-journey in the Field School. I’m sharing it as a metaphorical reflection of the insights described above: just as the boat and the fishers find themselves anchored in the lagoon, staying afloat amidst the dashing waves, we remain anchored to the values and lessons the Field School has instilled in us!
Stories from my reflection on Chilika-V2V Field School: The Legend of Uncle and Nephew Hills
Pallabi Chakraborty | Master’s Student, University of Waterloo, Canada
15 September 2024
The "Uncle and Nephew Hills" are prominent landmarks located near the Chilika Lagoon in Odisha, India. These two hills are steeped in local folklore and hold cultural significance for the people living around the area. While specific versions of the story may vary among locals, a commonly told legend goes as follows:
Once upon a time, there lived a wealthy and influential man (the Uncle) and his young Nephew in a village near the Chilika Lagoon. The Uncle was known for his arrogance and pride, often looking down upon others, including his own Nephew, who was humble and kind-hearted.
One day, a wise sage visited the village and prophesied that a great flood would soon engulf the area, destroying everything in its path. The sage advised the villagers to seek higher ground to save themselves. The Nephew took the warning seriously and urged his Uncle to leave the village and move to safer ground. However, the Uncle dismissed the prophecy, mocking the sage and his Nephew for believing in such tales.
As foretold, a massive flood soon swept through the village, causing widespread destruction. The Nephew, having prepared for the disaster, managed to reach higher ground and survive. The Uncle, caught off guard, struggled against the raging waters. Realizing his mistake and overcome with regret, he called out for help.
Moved by compassion despite his Uncle's previous arrogance, the Nephew braved the floodwaters to save him. Tragically, both were overwhelmed by the force of the flood and lost their lives. The gods, witnessing the Nephew's bravery and selflessness, decided to immortalize their story by transforming them into two hills overlooking the Chilika Lagoon. The Nephew was turned into the larger hill, while the Uncle into the smaller one, symbolizing the higher values of humility, compassion and bravery possessed by the former, and familial bonds.
Mangalajodi Community Conserved Area - Mahabir Pakshi Surakshya Samiti
Mr. Behera, a former poacher turned dedicated nature guide, has become a pivotal figure in the conservation of the Mangalajodi wetland, a vital habitat for numerous resident and migratory bird species. His journey from hunting birds for survival to protecting them is a testament to the transformative power of environmental stewardship. In recounting his past, Mr. Behera shared the hardships he faces in making a living while striving to safeguard the wetland. He recalled how birds like the Northern Shoveller and Pin-tailed Duck were once hunted for their meat, which was believed to be especially nourishing for expectant mothers, ensuring healthy children. However, with the introduction of conservation measures, Mr. Behera and his fellow villagers began to shift their mindset. They worked diligently to change the community's long-standing culinary traditions, gradually persuading the villagers to abandon the consumption of these birds. In a significant step towards preserving the wetland’s ecosystem, many of them also renounced fishing in the area, further ensuring the protection of its avian inhabitants.
During our guided tour, Mr. Behera illustrated the challenges faced by specific bird species, such as the Pheasant-tailed Jacana, whose eggs (laid on the grass) are constantly under threat from predatory crows and grazing buffaloes. We observed the seemingly unfair struggle between the birds and the crows, as the latter often outmaneuver the Jacanas to prey on their eggs. Yet, as Mr. Behera explained, this predation plays a crucial role in maintaining a balanced bird population within the ecosystem. Despite the apparent harshness of nature, these interactions are necessary for the overall health and sustainability of the wetland’s avian community.
Through his efforts, Mr. Behera has not only contributed to the conservation of Mangalajodi but has also fostered a deeper understanding and respect for the delicate balance of nature among the local villagers. His story is a powerful example of how individuals can make a significant impact on environmental conservation, even when their beginnings are rooted in practices that once threatened the very species they now strive to protect.
Fishing in the Chilika Lagoon
Chilika Lagoon has long been a cradle of life and sustenance, where generations of fishers have drawn their livelihoods from its brackish waters. For centuries, traditional, sustainable fishing was in practice, using handmade nets and simple boats that allowed to harvest the lagoon’s bounty without upsetting its delicate balance. The lagoon was rich with diverse fish species, and these methods ensured that the ecosystem remained healthy and productive. However, over the decades, the lagoon began to change. The arrival of modern fishing techniques, like mechanized boats and fine-mesh nets, brought a new way of life—one focused on catching more fish in less time. But this progress came at a cost. Overfishing became rampant, and the once-thriving ecosystem began to suffer. The construction of dams and the influx of pollutants disrupted the lagoon’s natural flow, further endangering the fish populations that had sustained us for so long. In the face of these challenges, however, many clung to their traditional ways, recognizing their value in preserving the lagoon’s health. Today, the lagoon stands as a testament to resilience. The old ways persist, now enhanced by new methods, as the fishers strive to maintain the harmony between their life and the natural world that sustains them.
Insights and Experiences from the Krushna Chandra Jena Chilika-V2V Field School
Sanzida Alam | Master’s Student, University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh
15 September 2024
Recently, I participated in the Krushna Chandra Jena Chilika-V2V Annual Field School on Environmental Change and Governance, organized by the Vulnerability to Viability (V2V) Global Partnership at the University of Waterloo, Canada, in collaboration with the Rekhi Centre of Excellence for the Science of Happiness at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, and NIRMAN Odisha, India. This week-long event, held from August 2nd to August 10th, 2024, brought together around 50 global participants, including students, faculty, NGO representatives, and community members.
The field school focused on transitioning coastal communities from vulnerability to viability in the Chilika Lagoon of Odisha. Through a blend of classroom and field training, participants explored the theme, “A Commons Approach to Coastal Communities Transitioning from Vulnerability to Viability,” gaining valuable insights into the roles of researchers, community engagement strategies, and the environmental impacts on research outcomes.
The unique aspect of this summer school is that it brings together enthusiastic individuals from diverse backgrounds and disciplines. Although these individuals think differently and have their own perspectives, they share a common goal in what they are working toward.
On the first day of the summer school, as we stepped into the Chilika Lagoon, we were warmly welcomed by the rhythmic beat of drums and the resonant sound of conch shells. In Indian culture, this traditional form of welcome holds deep significance, as the beating of drums symbolizes celebration and the conch's melodious blow is believed to ward off negativity, inviting auspiciousness. This heartfelt reception set the tone for our immersive experience in the rich cultural heritage of the region.
Later that day, our group took a walk along the mighty Chilika Lagoon, where our trainers and instructors, including community mobilizers, provided us with a historical overview of the lagoon. Another beautiful aspect of the program's orientation was the involvement of the local community, which began with a puja dedicated to Lord Jagannath. The ritual included burning incense sticks, filling the room with a fragrant scent that symbolized the deity’s presence, and placing flowers in the shrine to honor Lord Jagannath.
The following days were filled with classroom learning and visits to various locations, where we applied our theoretical knowledge to real-life fieldwork. We visited a fishing community village and held a focus group discussion under a large tree, gaining valuable insights into the Chilika Lagoon, including the major drivers that have altered its ecosystem and power dynamics. We also visited the bird sanctuary, where we learned about conservation practices, and the fish market, where we observed the market infrastructure, power relationships, and many other aspects. Our days also included group work and reflection sessions, where we shared feedback and thoughts, deepening our understanding and learning from each other.
One of the main lessons I learned from the field school, and I’m sure others felt the same—is that being a researcher involves more than just technical skills and academic knowledge. It requires curiosity, empathy, and the courage to step out of your comfort zone. Research isn’t just about finding answers; it’s also about asking the right questions—those that challenge current ideas and open up new paths for exploration.
We learned that as researchers, it's important to look beyond just our specific studies. The field school showed us the value of seeing the bigger picture—understanding how local issues connect to global challenges and recognizing how social, ecological, and economic systems are linked. In Chilika, I realized that research shouldn’t be limited to academic circles; it should be a tool for making positive changes and connecting communities, policymakers, and other key stakeholders.
For those of us just starting our research careers, the V2V Summer Field School was a powerful reminder of the potential our work has to drive meaningful change. To achieve this, we must be ready to engage with the world in all its complexity, listen to diverse perspectives, and approach our research with humility and an open mind.
As I left Chilika Lagoon, I carried with me not only the knowledge I had gained but also a renewed sense of purpose. The field school had not only taught me how to be a better researcher but had also inspired me to be a more thoughtful, conscientious, and engaged one.
The photograph I captured from Chilika Lagoon is a symphony in shades of blue—a masterpiece where sky and water blend into one serene expanse. The sky stretches infinitely above, painted in a serene blue, while the lagoon below mirrors its tranquility. This endless blue, both in the sky and the water, evokes a sense of calm and reliability, embodying the timeless wisdom of the lagoon itself.
In this frame, the colour blue is more than just a visual experience; it’s a symbol of serenity and inspiration. It represents the deep, stable foundation upon which the lives of those who reside by the lagoon are built. Chilika Lagoon, with its vast blue waters, reflects the ancient wisdom of the fishermen who have worked here for generations. Their knowledge, passed down over time, has become part of the lagoon itself—enduring and steady as the blue colour that surrounds it.
The tranquility of the lagoon is both a mirror and a mentor. It shows the wisdom of the people who live there and inspires all who witness its beauty. In this photograph, the colour blue isn’t just a shade—it tells a story of stability and inspiration. It reminds us of the lagoon’s quiet strength and the lasting legacy of its people.
Check the media coverage here.
Do Steam Power Plants Contribute to Inequity for Small-Scale Fishermen in West and East Roban, Batang Regency?
As Indonesia's population continues to grow, so does its need for electricity. According to a Ministry of Economic and Human Resources report, per capita electricity demand is projected to increase by about 4% in 2021 compared to the previous year. To meet this rising demand and support economic development, the Indonesian government is investing heavily in power plants. One of the major projects is the Batang Regency Steam Power Plant (PLTU), which is set to become the largest of its kind in ASEAN with a capacity of 2x1,000 MW. This ambitious project is a key component of Indonesia's 35,000 MW national electricity supply program, aimed at addressing the energy needs of Java and Bali.
While the PLTU Batang promises substantial benefits in terms of energy provision and economic growth, it also poses significant challenges for the local environment and communities. Specifically, the small-scale fishers in the nearby hamlets of West Roban and East Roban are experiencing considerable difficulties as a result of the plant's construction and operation.
The PLTU Batang is strategically located in four villages: Ujungnegoro, Karanggeneng, Ponowareng, Dukuh Roban Barat, and Kedungsegog, chosen for their proximity to the sea. The power plant’s presence has had a profound impact on the local fishing industry, which is vital for the livelihoods of many residents. Fishers in West Roban and East Roban, where the majority of the population relies on small-scale fishing, are feeling the strain.
Mr. Ahyarso, a local fisherman from West Roban, expressed his concerns:
“The existence of the Steam Power Plant makes the fishing grounds even further away, I have to catch fish at a more circular and longer distance, besides that, the cost of supplies is also getting more expensive."
This sentiment is shared by many in the area. The PLTU Batang, while crucial for national development, has created a stark trade-off. On one side, it supports the country’s energy needs; on the other, it disrupts the traditional fishing practices and livelihoods of local fishers, restricting their access to marine resources.
Inequity of Small-Scale Fishermen Amid the Presence of PLTU in Batang Regency
The establishment of a coal-fired power plant (PLTU) in Batang Regency is considered part of the broader "blue growth" strategy aimed at fostering economic development in coastal areas. However, blue growth activities, if not managed equitably, often create disparities and inequities. One such impact has been felt by small-scale fishermen in West Roban and East Roban, who are now facing restricted access to fishing areas due to the operations of the PLTU.
These fishermen, who primarily engage in one-day fishing trips, begin their day at 4:00 am, returning around noon with their catch. The fish they gather serve two essential purposes: fulfilling their daily household needs and covering the expenses for the next day's fishing. Their livelihood, therefore, depends heavily on the health of the coastal ecosystem around them.
The PLTU, while viewed as a critical national strategic project, has imposed significant trade-offs on the local fishing community. On one hand, the fishermen, as Indonesian citizens, are expected to support the development of such projects. On the other hand, they feel increasingly marginalized as their traditional fishing grounds are taken over, resulting in detrimental effects on their livelihoods.
Local fishermen, such as Mr. Wahyu Hidayat from East Roban and Mr. Ahyarso from West Roban, have voiced their frustrations about the impact of the PLTU on their livelihoods.
“It used to be very close, just 15 minutes to get to the fishing grounds. Now it takes two hours to reach Tawang.”
– Mr. Wahyu Hidayat
“We used to need only 15–25 liters of fuel, but now we need at least 30–40 liters, sometimes as much as 70 liters. It’s much more costly. In the past, the cost for supplies was around IDR 150,000 to 250,000, but now it’s normal to spend IDR 400,000 – 700,000 per trip”
– Mr. Ahyarso
To cope with these challenges, small-scale fishermen in West and East Roban continue to be part of fishermen's organizations such as the Rukun Nelayan, the Joint Business Group (KUB), and the All Indonesia Fishermen’s Association (HNSI). These organizations serve as vital platforms for fishermen to discuss their issues, voice their grievances, and receive support from stakeholders, including assistance with equipment or training.
In Batang Regency, there are 18 fishermen's organizations spread across various districts, including West and East Roban. These institutions act as crucial mediators between fishermen and stakeholders, ensuring that aid is distributed fairly and providing a forum for addressing the challenges posed by the PLTU and other coastal developments.
The case of the fishermen in West Roban and East Roban illustrates the broader issue of inequity in blue growth initiatives. While national development projects like the PLTU are essential for economic progress, they must be managed in a way that considers the needs and livelihoods of local communities. Without equitable policies and management, small-scale fishermen will continue to bear the brunt of these trade-offs, risking not only their livelihoods but the long-term sustainability of coastal ecosystems. Therefore, it is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders to engage more actively with local communities, ensuring that development projects create inclusive growth and minimize negative impacts on the environment and those who depend on it.
Reflections from field work at Assasuni Upazila of Satkhira District in Khulna Division, Bangladesh
Recently, my team, consisting of research assistants (RAs) and teaching assistants (TAs) from the Center for Sustainable Development, ULAB, visited Protapnagar, a union parishad in Assasuni Upazila of Satkhira District in Khulna Division, Bangladesh. We – Shahriyer, Razin, Isra, Atiya, and myself – conducted a survey for the ENGAGE: Eliciting Needs-based Grassroots Action through Cross-Group Engagement project. For most of us, it was our first time working as field enumerators.
Our visit took place from June 1st to June 10th, following the devastating cyclonic storm 'Remal' that struck near the Bangladesh-India border in the western part of the Sundarbans in Satkhira District on May 26th-27th. According to the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), the highest recorded wind speed during the cyclone was 111 km/h. This intense wind caused significant damage, including broken embankments, power and communication line disruptions, and widespread destruction from broken branches and uprooted trees in the coastal areas.
The first two days were spent on training. We were taught and trained on the usage of KoBoToolbox, an app to conduct surveys. We stayed at the Barsha Resort in Munshiganj, Forest Point, where we completed our initial training and conducted a demo field survey with the local residents. After our test survey, we had the chance to visit the beautiful village close to the Sundarbans area.
While walking along the narrow roads, we witnessed many fishermen returning to the river bank in their small boats, greeted by their wives waiting by the riverside. These fishermen heavily depend on the rich aquatic resources of the Sundarbans, which provide fish, crabs, shrimp, and beekeeping. They use traditional fishing methods that have been passed down through generations. Before their journeys, these forest fishers ritually pray to Bonbibi, a legendary goddess of the forest and a guardian spirit of the Sundarbans, seeking her blessings for a safe and fruitful expedition. Bonbibi is deeply respected in their culture, symbolizing protection and prosperity. The fishermen believe that Bonbibi safeguards them from the dangers of the forest, including the mighty Royal Bengal tigers and the treacherous waters. Her blessings are considered essential for their survival and success in fishing.
In the Sundarbans, fishermen face numerous challenges. The region is prone to natural disasters such as cyclones and flooding, which can devastate fishing communities and disrupt their activities. Additionally, the threat of human-wildlife conflict is ever-present, with the famous Royal Bengal tiger posing a significant danger. Climate change exacerbates these challenges, causing rising sea levels and increased salinity, which impact fish populations and habitats. When fishing is not possible, they engage in different occupations or shorter one-day fishing trips, but their reliance on Bonbibi's protection remains a constant in their lives.
Over the next 7 days, we stayed in Protapnagar, our actual working place, where we conducted day-long surveys across various unions. Our travels involved boat rides, biking, and using three-wheelers, allowing us to witness both the beauty of the village and the challenges faced by its people. The village is situated beside the infamous[NV1] Kopotakkho River, renowned for preserving the memory of the popular Bengali poet Michael Madhusudan Dutt. As beautiful and celebrated as this river is, it is equally well known for the destruction it wreaks upon the village. The uncontrolled erosion caused by the Kopotakkho River has taken away one-third of the river's womb[NV2] , resulting in destruction with even a slight rise in water levels or excessive rainfall. The village has yet to recover from the damage caused by Cyclones Amphan and Ayla.
In the past, the community thrived on fishing, relying heavily on the river's abundant fish stocks. However, with the river shrinking and sandbars emerging, boats now struggle to sail during low tide. The river, once teeming with various fish species and a vital source of livelihood, now exists as a cherished memories for the locals. Nowadays, they engage in fishing only for a specific period, typically for four to six months when they venture out to sea. During the rest of the year, they undertake various types of labor work or migrate to different cities in search of employment.
During our seven-day visit, we learned about the lifestyles, struggles, stories, culture, traditions, beliefs, and coping strategies of these people. Despite everything, they continue to bravely live their lives. Our time here has not only broadened our understanding of the local dynamics but has also left a lasting impression of courage and perseverance. The stories we've heard, and the sights we've witnessed— from fishermen returning with their daily catch to the cultural rituals honoring Bonbibi— underscore the interconnectedness of human lives with nature's unpredictable forces. The challenges faced by communities along the Kopotakkho River serve as a poignant reminder of the urgent need for inclusive strategies to mitigate environmental risks and support livelihoods.
A Transformative Experience at the 10th World Water Forum with WYPW
I am excited to share my unforgettable experience as a delegate at the 6th World Youth Parliament for Water (WYPW) General Assembly, held alongside the 10th World Water Forum (WWF) in Bali, Indonesia, from May 15 to 25, 2024. This event was a pivotal moment in my journey as a young water sustainability leader, and I am thrilled to bring you along on this adventure.
Having been selected as a delegate for the 6th World Youth Parliament for Water (WYPW) General Assembly, I am honored to have been chosen as one of 70 young leaders from over 40 countries to participate in this prestigious event. The theme, “Water and Youth: Levers for Cooperation and Peace,” resonated deeply with me and set the tone for an enriching experience. Engaging in a series of workshops designed to enhance our practical skills and deepen our understanding of water issues, we also had the opportunity to explore Indonesian water challenges firsthand through field visits, connecting with local communities along the way. Meeting and learning from leading experts and fellow young leaders in the water sector was incredibly inspiring. These interactions provided valuable insights and strengthened our collective resolve to drive positive change. As young delegates, we had the opportunity to influence the political process of the 10th World Water Forum, presenting youth perspectives and priorities, and advocating for meaningful action on water sustainability. The delegation was wonderfully diverse, with representatives from Asia (35%), Europe (23%), the Americas (22%), Africa (19%), and Oceania (1%). This diversity enriched our discussions and underscored the global nature of water challenges.
One of the standout moments was our mangrove clean-up field trip, conducted in collaboration with Pangea—a passionate team dedicated to repurposing plastic waste into high-quality sunglasses and adventure gear, contributing to global environmental restoration efforts. This experience was particularly meaningful as it aligned perfectly with my commitment to water sustainability. Meeting like-minded individuals from diverse backgrounds during this initiative, which was part of the #1MillionYouthActionChallenge organized by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, further strengthened my passion for environmental conservation and global cooperation.
During our time in Bali, we engaged in a meaningful mangrove clean-up initiative. This effort was conducted in collaboration with artist Liina Klauss and supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. Together, we launched the “We Are Water” art campaign as part of the 1 Million Youth Actions Challenge. This campaign aimed to raise awareness about plastic pollution through creative expression. The Bali Youth Parliament for Water played a pivotal role in organizing and executing this campaign. Through our collective efforts, we showcased the power of creativity and collaboration in advocating for a sustainable and peaceful future.
On May 20, 2024, I had the incredible opportunity to participate in the 10th World Water Forum (WWF) as part of the South Africa Youth Parliament for Water. The session, titled "Transformed and Inclusive Water Sector: South Africa Youth Water Campaign," provided a powerful platform for young voices to address critical water issues. We discussed the impact of global workshops on addressing water challenges in South Africa. A mini-documentary showcased three key water issues faced by South African communities: excessive water, water scarcity, and water pollution. We explored how youth and young water professionals can engage more meaningfully in decision-making processes, particularly at high-level stakeholder events. The picture shows Fatou M'bow, the African Focal Point of WYPW; Nina Raasakka, Programme Management Officer of the World Water Quality Alliance; and myself participating in a panel session moderated by Odwa Ntsika Mtembu, MSc, Pr.Sci.Nat, representing the African WYPW.
Being part of such a significant event was inspiring and empowering. It reinforced the importance of youth involvement in addressing global water challenges and the need for inclusive platforms where young voices can be heard. These 10 days of mobilization were a profound opportunity to collaborate, shape, and amplify young people's perspectives for a better water future.
Reflecting on Moments of Impact at Global Forums
I’m thrilled to share highlights from the recent 2024 SSF Regional Symposium, where passionate individuals from around the globe converged to explore the theme of 'Bright Spots ~ Hope Spots' in small-scale fisheries (SSF) across the Asia-Pacific region. Hosted by TBTI Japan in partnership with Tokai University, V2V, and other esteemed collaborators, the symposium was a dynamic platform for knowledge exchange and collaboration. From April 9-12, participants engaged in thought-provoking discussions, inspiring presentations, and immersive experiences that shed light on the critical role of SSF in promoting sustainable livelihoods, preserving cultural heritage, and safeguarding marine ecosystems. The symposium, themed "Bright Spots ~ Hope Spots," served as a poignant reminder of the critical role small-scale fisheries play in our global ecosystem and the challenges they face.
As a participant in this vibrant gathering, I had the privilege of engaging with a diverse array of individuals united in their commitment to supporting SSF sustainability. Through discussions, presentations, and shared experiences, the symposium provided valuable insights into both the successes and the pressing issues confronting SSF communities across the Asia-Pacific region. The gathering celebrated the "bright spots" of success in SSF, highlighting the resilience and innovation of thriving fisheries. These success stories serve as beacons of hope, demonstrating what can be achieved when communities, policymakers, and stakeholders work together in pursuit of sustainability. Alongside these bright spots, the symposium also shed light on the challenges facing many SSF communities, termed "hope spots." These areas represent opportunities for collaboration and intervention to address issues such as unequal access to resources, marginalization of stakeholders, labor exploitation, and environmental degradation. The urgency of addressing these challenges was palpable throughout the symposium, underscoring the need for immediate attention and support.
As I shared insights from my Ph.D. research on blue injustices within SSF contexts, I was humbled by the opportunity to amplify the voices of marginalized fisherfolk and advocate for inclusive solutions that address systemic inequalities. Some of my key highlights were (i) Inspiring journey shared by Kimberly Orren, former high school science teacher turned fisherman and co-founder of Fishing for Success, captivated the audience with her personal journey of revitalizing youth engagement in fishing heritage in Newfoundland & Labrador. (ii) Creative expression by Artist-in-Residence Kelly Jane Bruton brought our conversations to life with a captivating word map on a fishing net, capturing the essence of our discussions and reflections. (iii) Participants had the opportunity to delve into cutting-edge research, including presentations on topics such as blue injustices and the socio-economic dynamics of SSF communities. (iv) Culinary Delights showcased by an amazing chef + set-net fisher + member of Yui Fisheries Cooperative Association (FCA), Mr. Yasushi Mochizuki showcased his culinary expertise by preparing traditional specialties of Shimizu fish, providing a delicious reminder of the interconnectedness between fisheries, culture, and cuisine.
One of the most thought-provoking presentations came from the V2V delegates, who explored the concept of "blue injustices" within the context of SSF. Through research and real-world experiences, they elucidated the complex and interconnected nature of these injustices, spanning social, economic, and environmental dimensions. The presentation underscored how blue injustices disproportionately affect vulnerable and marginalized groups within SSF communities, highlighting the need for a rights-based approach grounded in equity, justice, and sustainability principles. The symposium delegates unanimously called for transformative change at both local and global levels. They advocated for policies and interventions that empower SSF communities, promote social inclusion, and protect marine resources. This shared vision of building resilient and thriving SSF communities resonated deeply with all participants, who recognized the collective responsibility to effect positive change.
As I reflect on my experience at the SSF Regional Symposium for Asia-Pacific, I am inspired by the dedication and passion of all those involved. The symposium served as a catalyst for collaboration, knowledge exchange, and collective action. Moving forward, it is imperative that we build upon the momentum generated during the symposium and translate our discussions into tangible outcomes. By working together, we can create a more sustainable future for SSF communities and ensure the health and vitality of our oceans for generations to come. I extend heartfelt gratitude to all participants, speakers, organizers, and partners who contributed to the success of the 2024 SSF Regional Symposium. It reinforced the importance of collaboration, innovation, and advocacy in addressing the complex issues facing SSF communities. As we navigate the path forward, let us remain steadfast in our commitment to building a more equitable, just, and sustainable future for all.
Potential of Sustainable Fisheries: A Recap of the 2024 SSF Regional Symposium
I’m thrilled to share highlights from the recent 2024 SSF Regional Symposium, where passionate individuals from around the globe converged to explore the theme of 'Bright Spots ~ Hope Spots' in small-scale fisheries (SSF) across the Asia-Pacific region. Hosted by TBTI Japan in partnership with Tokai University, V2V, and other esteemed collaborators, the symposium was a dynamic platform for knowledge exchange and collaboration. From April 9-12, participants engaged in thought-provoking discussions, inspiring presentations, and immersive experiences that shed light on the critical role of SSF in promoting sustainable livelihoods, preserving cultural heritage, and safeguarding marine ecosystems. The symposium, themed "Bright Spots ~ Hope Spots," served as a poignant reminder of the critical role small-scale fisheries play in our global ecosystem and the challenges they face.
As a participant in this vibrant gathering, I had the privilege of engaging with a diverse array of individuals united in their commitment to supporting SSF sustainability. Through discussions, presentations, and shared experiences, the symposium provided valuable insights into both the successes and the pressing issues confronting SSF communities across the Asia-Pacific region. The gathering celebrated the "bright spots" of success in SSF, highlighting the resilience and innovation of thriving fisheries. These success stories serve as beacons of hope, demonstrating what can be achieved when communities, policymakers, and stakeholders work together in pursuit of sustainability. Alongside these bright spots, the symposium also shed light on the challenges facing many SSF communities, termed "hope spots." These areas represent opportunities for collaboration and intervention to address issues such as unequal access to resources, marginalization of stakeholders, labor exploitation, and environmental degradation. The urgency of addressing these challenges was palpable throughout the symposium, underscoring the need for immediate attention and support.
As I shared insights from my Ph.D. research on blue injustices within SSF contexts, I was humbled by the opportunity to amplify the voices of marginalized fisherfolk and advocate for inclusive solutions that address systemic inequalities. Some of my key highlights were (i) Inspiring journey shared by Kimberly Orren, former high school science teacher turned fisherman and co-founder of Fishing for Success, captivated the audience with her personal journey of revitalizing youth engagement in fishing heritage in Newfoundland & Labrador. (ii) Creative expression by Artist-in-Residence Kelly Jane Bruton brought our conversations to life with a captivating word map on a fishing net, capturing the essence of our discussions and reflections. (iii) Participants had the opportunity to delve into cutting-edge research, including presentations on topics such as blue injustices and the socio-economic dynamics of SSF communities. (iv) Culinary Delights showcased by an amazing chef + set-net fisher + member of Yui Fisheries Cooperative Association (FCA), Mr. Yasushi Mochizuki showcased his culinary expertise by preparing traditional specialties of Shimizu fish, providing a delicious reminder of the interconnectedness between fisheries, culture, and cuisine.
One of the most thought-provoking presentations came from the V2V delegates, who explored the concept of "blue injustices" within the context of SSF. Through research and real-world experiences, they elucidated the complex and interconnected nature of these injustices, spanning social, economic, and environmental dimensions. The presentation underscored how blue injustices disproportionately affect vulnerable and marginalized groups within SSF communities, highlighting the need for a rights-based approach grounded in equity, justice, and sustainability principles. The symposium delegates unanimously called for transformative change at both local and global levels. They advocated for policies and interventions that empower SSF communities, promote social inclusion, and protect marine resources. This shared vision of building resilient and thriving SSF communities resonated deeply with all participants, who recognized the collective responsibility to effect positive change.
As I reflect on my experience at the SSF Regional Symposium for Asia-Pacific, I am inspired by the dedication and passion of all those involved. The symposium served as a catalyst for collaboration, knowledge exchange, and collective action. Moving forward, it is imperative that we build upon the momentum generated during the symposium and translate our discussions into tangible outcomes. By working together, we can create a more sustainable future for SSF communities and ensure the health and vitality of our oceans for generations to come. I extend heartfelt gratitude to all participants, speakers, organizers, and partners who contributed to the success of the 2024 SSF Regional Symposium. It reinforced the importance of collaboration, innovation, and advocacy in addressing the complex issues facing SSF communities. As we navigate the path forward, let us remain steadfast in our commitment to building a more equitable, just, and sustainable future for all.
Reflections from the SSF Regional Symposium for Asia Pacific
I attended a symposium called Small-Scale Fisheries Regional Symposium for Asia-Pacific, held from 9-12 April in Japan. It was nice to have a chance to meet Asian experts in the SSF field as well as Master's students. The meeting's welcoming dinner brought some seafood prepared by SSF fishers from a local port, which reflected the tight and positive relationship between fishers and researchers in Japan. The field trip on the third day also proved the fishers' innovation and authority of operating indoor education in different ways, such as the cooking class about dealing with fish meat.
I did my presentation about Umigyo Tourism, focusing on Justice, and I was surprised that there were other presentations on similar Ecotourism topics in other countries. One of the most impressive presentations was about the fishing experiential learning program in Newfoundland, Canada, due to Umigyo's same entry point through education. Except during my speech time, I was one of the photographers who recorded others' wonderful moments of their presentations. It was a meaningful chance for me to become more familiar with different aspects of the event operation.
One of the most exciting aspects of the symposium was the opportunity to forge friendships with other Master's students in this international atmosphere, including Hanan, Poulami, and Jewel. The symposium also provided a platform to reconnect with Navya from UW and Wei Xu (also known as Joy), Miyu, and Rina from Tokai University. Sharing a table with Professor Jang allowed us to delve into the intricacies of language, further enriching our learning experience. I am confident that the information exchange at the symposium will lead to a more comprehensive understanding and innovative methods for SSF.
Moreover, one of the symposium days brought us all to different places besides merely SSF-related destinations, such as a temple and a shopping mall. As a consequence, a more comprehensive contact with the local people and culture can lead the experts to better understand Japanese society. It must be an impressive memory for every participant.
Echoes of the Sea: The Resilience and Magic of Bhatiali Songs
Creative writing by Sanzida Alam | Master's student, CSD, University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh
15 May 2024
According to the Oxford Dictionary, the "sea" is defined as the expanse of salt water covering most of the Earth's surface and surrounding its land masses. However, with my limited knowledge and personal experiences with the sea, I find that its true essence transcends this mere definition. To me, the sea is a place of magical waves, possessing both destructive force and snooting beauty. As these waves crash upon the shore, they carry away impurities and breathe life into the land. At night, when illuminated by the moonlight, the sea transforms into a canvas of heavily hued hues, offering solace and hope to countless beings. It is the magical orb that sustains life and inspires awe in both humans and nature alike. Above all, the sea and its branches, including rivers and lakes, serve as the home and livelihood for an estimated 9.5 million people in Bangladesh, constituting 73% of the population. These water bodies not only sustain life but also provide essential resources for communities, including fishing grounds for sustenance and income generation. For millions of Bangladeshis, the sea is not merely a geographic feature but a vital part of their identity, culture, tradition and means of survival.
The journey of fishing in the sea is far from easy. Fishermen often leave their homes for days, even months, in order to provide food on the plates for their families. While most individuals find solace in the company of their loved ones, for fishermen, the sea becomes their primary family. They spend the majority of their time in the haze of the water, waves, and sky, becoming intimately familiar with the patterns of the sea and the nuances of the weather. Their days are spent aboard boats, braving the elements and working tirelessly to secure their catch. Usually, a person would start feeling homesick after spending 5-7 days away from home; but for them, that’s not an option.
So, what do they do when they miss home? Or the smile of their loved ones? Or the voices of their children? They sing! When they miss their families or face hardships, they sing with all their hearts, their voices mingling with the rhythm of the waves. These songs have a special name in Bangladesh, known as Bhatiali, the music of the river and sea communities.
Bhatiali Gaan (folk music of Bangladesh) is deeply rooted in the rural communities in Bangladesh, especially among the fishermen. Unlike modern or classical music, Bhatiali songs are not influenced by any external forces but rather depict the raw emotions and experiences of the people who sing them. When the fisherman is out at sea, away from their home and loved ones, Bhatiali songs serve as their loyal companions. With each verse, they recount the tales of their daily struggles, pain and even joy. To us, these songs may seem mere melodies but for them, it’s a reflection of their reality, strategies to stay strong during their vulnerable times when the sea is against their will, and their resilience in the face of adversity.
So next time you find yourself out at sea and encounter fishermen singing songs, take a moment to pause and listen. Close your eyes and see if you can catch the lyrics of their songs. You'll likely find yourself understanding the struggles of these unsung heroes and experiencing the magic of Bhatiali songs firsthand.
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Photo credit: Fozla Azim
May 2024 V2V Students and ECRs' Webinar with Foluke Areola
Md. Ruyel Miah | PhD Candidate, School of Environment, Enterprise and Development, University of Waterloo, Canada.
15 May 2024
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The V2V Students and ECRs had their second webinar on May 14, 2024, hosted by Ruyel Miah, a V2V PhD Candidate at the University of Waterloo, Canada. About 20 people from Indonesia, Iceland, Tanzania, Nigeria, Canada, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka participated in the session.
The speaker for the webinar was Foluke Omotayo Areola, a PhD candidate at the Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has been a prolific fisheries and aquaculture professional for over 40 years, providing technical guidance in fisheries, aquaculture, research, and development and strengthening institutional and partnership capacities across the fishery, aquaculture, and support sectors. Ms. Areola holds professional roles as a consultant, administrator, facilitator, mentor, and researcher. She is well-published and belongs to several professional networks, including the World Aquaculture Society, Vulnerability to Viability, Too Big to Ignore, GAFS, and IIFET. She is also passionate about local and global economic development and growth.
The session was structured in four parts, including the presentation by Areola, interactions in break-out rooms, reporting the discussion outcomes, and concluding remarks. Areola talked about why she is interested in small-scale fisheries research, study areas, methodology/data sampling, and the learning curve in the research process. She highlighted the importance of small-scale fisheries in her talk. She also briefly talked about methodologies, including a comprehensive mixed method approach, purposive sampling /snowballing, data analysis by statistics, theoretical frameworks such as I-ADapT, and the learning curve in the research process.
At the end of her talk, we created five break-out rooms with four participants in each. For the break-out room discussion, the questions to answer were:
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What were the opportunities and challenges faced during their research work?
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What were the expectations of communities, government institutions, and civil society organizations regarding the research work of postgraduate students?
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What are the support systems for conducting research?
There was a mixture of responses to the discussion questions. The answers were coordinated and discussed by the different groups.
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The opportunities included being able to attend seminars like the student interactive sessions, opportunities for career development and developing skills, access to data (government and non-government), collaboration between stakeholders,
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The challenges included language barriers even within the same countries in terms of understanding between the language of the researchers and the local communities, data collection problems – the non-willingness to release data to researchers, and lack of synergy between related agencies on the field.
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The expectation included support for and provision of livelihood and social security.
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The support systems are good supervisors, resilience on the part of the students, and support from family and institutions such as Vulnerability to Viability Global Partnership (V2V) and Too Big to be Ignore (TBTI).
The session was informed of the frequency of meetings and that the following forum would be on the second Tuesday of July 2024. In conducting research in these vulnerable communities, we must consider how to give back to them, not necessarily in cash but in other ways, such as social services or recommendations that will make their lives better and more viable.
Experiencing the Vibrancy of Fisheries Research: Reflections from the 13th Indian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum
The 13th Indian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum (IFAF), held from February 23-25, 2024, in Kolkata, brought together scholars, researchers, and practitioners from around the globe under the theme "Fostering Indian Fisheries and Aquaculture for attaining Sustainable Development Goals." Representing the University of Waterloo and Vulnerability to Viability (V2V) Global Partnership at the forum, we had the privilege of participating in a V2V panel on Small-scale fisheries, focusing on addressing SDGs and the transition from Vulnerability to Viability (V2V) in fisheries. Our panel comprised Ruyel Miah, PhD candidate and my colleague, Dr. Sisir Kanta Pradhan, V2v Postdoctoral Research Fellow, and Dr. Prateep Kumar Nayak, our esteemed supervisor. Accompanied by Polami Ghosh and Souradip Pathak from IIT Kharagpur, who represented the V2V initiative, our contingent navigated through the conference sessions with enthusiasm and dedication. We actively engaged with scholars and leaders in fisheries research, exchanging ideas and insights on the challenges and opportunities in the field.
Dr. Sisir delivered a captivating presentation that earned him the prestigious Best Presentation Award. Noteworthy encounters included interactions with Dr. B. K. Das, Director of ICAR-CIFRI and a key supporting partner of V2V, and Shreya Bhattacharya, a scientist at CIFRI and my close friend. Over the course of three enriching days, we had the opportunity to exchange insights, forge collaborations, and gain valuable perspectives on the latest advancements in fisheries and aquaculture.
Notable encounters included meeting with Dr. J.K. Jena, Deputy Director General of ICAR, whose expertise and guidance added depth to their understanding of the field. Their expertise and perspectives offered invaluable insights into the current landscape of fisheries and aquaculture in India, inspiring us to further our research efforts and contribute meaningfully to the field. The experience at IFAF underscored the importance of collaboration, knowledge-sharing, and interdisciplinary approaches in addressing the complex challenges facing fisheries and aquaculture sectors. As ambassadors of the V2V, we left an indelible mark on the forum, reaffirming their commitment to advancing sustainable development goals and fostering positive change in the field of fisheries and aquaculture. A significant milestone was the recognition of V2V transitions as one of the key recommendations emanating from the conference deliberations, underscoring the growing recognition of the V2V paradigm in fostering sustainable fisheries management practices.
After our engaging participation in the conference, we took the opportunity to immerse ourselves in the vibrant culture and heritage of the city. One of the highlights was a visit to the Mother's Wax Museum, where we had the chance to interact with lifelike wax statues of iconic figures from around the world. Among the memorable moments captured during our visit were two playful snapshots. The first image features Sisir and I striking similar expressions alongside the wax figure of the beloved character Mr. Bean. Our lighthearted pose captured the spirit of camaraderie and shared experiences that characterized our time together. In the second image, our group proudly posed with renowned scientists Albert Einstein, Satyendra Nath Bose, and Jagdish Chandra Bose. Standing beside these esteemed figures, we felt a sense of awe and reverence for their contributions to science and humanity. The photo is a testament to our admiration for these trailblazers and the inspiration they continue to provide in our research endeavors. As we wandered through the museum, we were captivated by the striking resemblance of the wax figures to their real-life counterparts. From historical figures to contemporary icons, the museum featured a diversity of people with different personalities, each crafted to perfection. We posed for pictures alongside the likes of Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi, and Amitabh Bachchan, marveling at the attention to detail in their expressions and attire.
Our visit to the museum concluded our time in Kolkata on a memorable note, leaving us with cherished memories and a deeper connection to the vibrant spirit of the city. As we bid farewell to Kolkata, we carried with us the knowledge gained from the conference and the warmth and hospitality of its people, reaffirming our fondness for the "City of Joy."
First Sundarbans Winter School 2024: A Study of Environment on a Remote Island and Living with Community
Md. Ruyel Miah | PhD Candidate, School of Environment, Enterprise and Development, University of Waterloo, Canada.
14 March 2024
It always feels special to be part of the first initiative of a great learning platform. Yes, we, a group of students and early career researchers, have been fortunate to be part of the first Winter School 2024 in the Sundarbans mangrove forest from January 19-26, 2024. The Winter School was held in Kumirmari Island, West Bengal, India, and jointly organized by the V2V Global Partnership at the University of Waterloo, the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur and the University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB). For the first winter school, the participants were mainly from Bangladesh and India. The winter school brought us the opportunity to meet new friends and colleagues and expand our network.
I have been away from the University of Waterloo since August 2023 for my fieldwork in Bangladesh and India. Therefore, it was a great place to meet and interact again with my supervisor, Dr. Prateep Kumar Nayak, my fellow colleague, Dr. Sisir Kanta Pradhan, and my friends Navya V. Nair and Akash Kar from the University of Waterloo after a long time. I am familiar with the Bangladesh Sundarbans as this is my study area, and I did two master’s theses based on this forest. I was happy to see my friends and supervisor also visited there and had a chance to experience the uniqueness of the forest.
The journey to the Winter School 2024 was full of adventures and learning. Firstly, the boat journey for a couple of hours with all the participants was amazing, and it was wonderful to interact with each other. We also had our lunch on the boat. Secondly, we were on a motorized van to reach our destination, which was the first experience for many of us. Thirdly, the place we stayed was surrounded by communities and very rooted in the local culture and norms. The infrastructure was very simple: some tents, a couple of huts, and a pond in the middle. There were no such concrete boundaries or infrastructure. Within the same premise, there were some nice organic vegetable gardens and a pond with fish. On one of the days, we cooked using the vegetables from the garden and fish from the pond. Finally, we were mesmerized to see how the communities have grown cash crops in each household. Almost every household has a pond, a vegetable garden, and livestock rearing, including ducks, hens, goats and cows. It was wonderful to see how they transformed from their sole dependency on the forest for their livelihoods to developing self-capacity for resilience through cultivating cash crops.
The focus of the first winter school was 4Ts, i.e., Transboundary, Transdisciplinary, Transformation and Transition. The Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest and is a unique social-ecological system (SES) for studying these 4Ts. The forest SES is transboundary in nature as it is situated between Bangladesh and India, consisting of 60% and 40%, respectively. It is the home of the Royal Bengal Tiger and is rich in terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. The forest supports livelihoods for millions of people, including small-scale fishers and honey collectors. The understanding of the forest SESs and its governance requires transdisciplinary perspectives. We have observed and listened to the communities and how dynamic the forest SES is. The communities adjacent to the forest have gone through transformative stages in terms of their social structure, governance, availability of resources, etc., in different time scales. These transformations have been the result of a transition process in different scales and levels. Therefore, the field school has been a great platform to study the Sundarbans SESs from the 4Ts’ perspectives.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to V2V Global Partnership, IIT Kharagpur and ULAB for organizing the first winter school in 2024 and giving us the opportunity to participate. I am also grateful to my supervisor and Director of V2V Global Partnership for the opportunity.
Empowering Young Researchers: Insights from the Sundarbans Winter Field School 2024
By Shahriyer Hossain Shetu | Research Assistant, Center for Sustainable Development, ULAB, Bangladesh.
14 March 2024
On January 19–24, 2024, a Winter School was held in the hearts of Kumirmari, India, encapsulating a bold endeavor to transcend conventional boundaries and understand transformative change. This innovative initiative, rooted in the principles of transboundary collaboration, transdisciplinary exploration, and sustainable transition, emerged as a beacon of hope amidst the challenges faced by the local communities. With participants hailing from diverse corners of the globe, including Canada, Switzerland, Bangladesh, and India, the Winter School epitomized a convergence of perspectives, expertise, and aspirations. The core mission was to unravel the complexities of the Sundarbans' riskscape and co-create resilient pathways towards viability and prosperity. Against the backdrop of rising climate threats and socio-ecological vulnerabilities, Kumirmari became not just a location, but a living laboratory for experimentation, innovation, and collective action.
The Winter Field School was a collaborative effort involving the University of Waterloo, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, and University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh. It was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council's Vulnerability to Viability (V2V) Global Partnership Grant, along with funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation for the Solution-oriented Research for Development Project ENGAGE. This year's program focused on the theme of 'Transboundary, Transdisciplinarity, Transformation through Transitions: Socio-Ecological Resilience for Vulnerability to Viability in the Sundarbans’ Riskscape'. Held at Sundarban Bari, a facility managed by the grassroots organization Sundarbans Jana Sramajibi Manch (SJSM) in Kumirmari, the Winter Field School aimed to navigate through complex issues related to the socio-ecological resilience of the Sundarbans region.
The Winter School employed a strategic approach to enhance outcomes by organizing participants into four distinct groups, each focused on one of the four Ts: Transdisciplinary, Transboundary, Transition, and Transformation. Following an introductory session, participants were allocated to their respective groups, with each group assigned a mentor. Daily activities were tailored to align with the specific Ts of each group, enabling collective observation and perception of the nuances within the field site. The methodology primarily revolved around ethnographic engagement with the field, aligning with the rationale and objectives of the program. Each day's activities within the framework of the 4 'T's were meticulously planned to delve deep into the socio-ecological dynamics of the study area. Day one commenced with household visits and observations, coupled with Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Day two involved transect walks, with the first half dedicated to biodiversity mapping and the latter focusing on mapping local resources through field observations. On day three, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) took center stage, particularly engaging with the women's community in Kumirmari. These discussions explored various aspects of transdisciplinary, transboundary, transition, and transformation approaches. Day four saw a culmination of observations, perceptions, and learnings, presented through oral presentations, visual sketches, quotations, and photo essays—all reflecting the essence of the 4 'T' approaches. Field work played a crucial role in capturing empirical nuances and personal reflections throughout the Winter Field School journey.
This proved invaluable for young researchers for several reasons. Firstly, it provided them with essential field research experience and real-life exposure, which are crucial for beginners in the field. Through hands-on engagement with the Sundarbans community and its intricate socio-ecological dynamics, young researchers gained practical insights and honed their research skills. Furthermore, the Winter Field School served as a unique platform for developing a nuanced understanding of place-oriented challenges and opportunities. By facilitating interactions among students, researchers, mentors, civil society groups, governance institutions, and other stakeholders, the school fostered a collaborative environment conducive to mutual exchange and co-learning. Such holistic engagement provided young researchers with a comprehensive grasp of the sector's predicaments and possibilities, equipping them with the tools and perspectives necessary to address complex real-world challenges effectively.
Initiatives like the Winter School are invaluable for young researchers for several compelling reasons. Such programs offer a unique opportunity for hands-on learning and practical experience, which are essential for honing research skills and developing a deeper understanding of real-world challenges. Engaging directly with communities and stakeholders in the field provides young researchers with invaluable insights that cannot be gained solely through classroom-based learning or theoretical study. Additionally, participation in initiatives like the Winter School fosters collaboration and networking among peers and mentors from diverse backgrounds and disciplines. This exposure to different perspectives and approaches not only enriches the learning experience but also encourages interdisciplinary thinking and innovative problem-solving. Moreover, by actively engaging with communities and addressing pressing socio-ecological issues, young researchers can make meaningful contributions to society while building a strong foundation for their future careers. Overall, initiatives like the Winter School empower young researchers to become agents of positive change, equipping them with the skills, knowledge, and networks needed to tackle complex global challenges effectively.
Whispers of Kumirmari: Journey's Tapestry Unfurled - A poem by
Shahriyer Hossain Shetu | Research Assistant, Center for Sustainable Development, ULAB, Bangladesh
14 March 2024
In Kumirmari's embrace, I find reflection,
A journey begun, a tale of introspection.
Airport echoes, questions in the air,
Immigration's dance, a crossing to bear.
Diverse souls, backgrounds intertwine,
Boundaries shattered, unity defined.
On a boat, rice and chicken unite,
Shared on waters, beneath moonlight.
A floating feast, a journey's delight,
Breaking bread, transcending the night.
Tents pitched on shores, tales unfold,
A dance with fear, as tiger stories are told.
Nature's heartbeat, in each rustle and growl,
Underneath the tent, a courageous prowl.
Extreme cold whispers, biting the air,
Yet warmth in camaraderie, we share.
Transformation unfolds in icy breeze,
Kumirmari's embrace, a haven to seize.
Small Scale Fishers: Guardians of the Ocean- A poem by
In the depths of the developing world's embrace,
Where small-scale fishers set their pace,
A dance of life thrives beneath the azure waves,
A fragile balance that humanity craves.
But in this realm of delicate seas,
Climate change looms with menace and disease,
Rising temperatures, acidification, and storms,
Threaten the livelihoods of those with humble shoals.
Sustainability, a goal for the common good,
Balancing the needs of people and nature, it should,
But corporate falsehoods distort its noble aim,
Leaving small-scale fisheries in a world of pain.
Manipulation, a tactic of the greedy and sly,
Exploiting resources, turning a blind eye,
They escape justice, consequences cast aside,
While others suffer, their rights denied.
Disuse extraction, a symptom of careless ways,
Discarding what's deemed unprofitable, a disarray,
Depleting precious stocks, nature's wealth,
Leaving behind a barren, polluted stealth.
No circular economy to be found,
As greed and shortsightedness abound,
The cycle broken, the earth cries out,
For a change to come, without a doubt.
Unethical fishing methods, desperate and rash,
Harmful gears and techniques, nature's clash,
Inflicting harm on ecosystems and species rare,
A path devoid of conscience and care.
But amidst the chaos, small-scale fisheries strive,
Guardians of the oceans, keeping hope alive,
With resilience and wisdom, they battle the tide,
Preserving their way of life, their heritage with pride.
In the face of climate change's relentless wrath,
They adapt, seeking a sustainable path,
Protecting the oceans, their sacred ground,
For future generations, in whom hope is found.
Together, let us rise in this noble quest,
To protect our oceans, our planet's best,
For the power lies within our hands, today,
To forge a future where harmony holds sway.
Let us mend what's broken, restore the Earth's song,
With small-scale fisheries, where strength is strong,
For they hold the key to a future that is free,
Where oceans and humanity coexist in harmony.
Center for Sustainable Development hosts the 6th CSD Annual Conference on Sustainable Development
Emon Rahman | Research Associate, Center for Sustainable Development (CSD), University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB), Bangladesh
14 November 2023
With a firm commitment to driving positive change, the Center for Sustainable Development (CSD) at the University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB) organized 6th CSD Annual Conference on Sustainable Development - Unpacking Sustainability, Resilience and Equity from 25 – 30 October 2023 in Cox’s Bazar and Dhaka, Bangladesh. The conference reiterated the urgency and complexity of the current sustainability crisis as a challenge for all. The changing climate of our current world poses challenges to practically every domain of human society, from food security to health and well-being, and prosperity. Most pressing among these concerns is the need to manage and govern our natural resources in a way that promotes equitable outcomes, ensuring that the poorest and most marginalized groups, including women and minorities, can access the resources they need to reverse the entrenched exclusion that continues to make them the most vulnerable to a changing climate.
This interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary conference was organized by CSD-ULAB, and, like in the past five years, brought together local and international experts from across the globe to have meaningful explorations of cross-sectoral and cross-boundary solutions, provided a platform for accelerating innovation, engage with both public and private actors, and fostered an inclusive space for collaboration and transformation – within academia and beyond. The focus of this year’s conference was on a number of interconnecting issues – climate change, blue growth, equity, mental health and well-being, resilience and sustainable education.
The CSD conference reaffirmed the belief that working in collaboration is a meaningful way to effectively address sustainability challenges and this year we partnered with several of our local and International Projects Partners - Engage, NOCRISES, Vulnerability to Viability (V2V) Global Partnership, Sajida Foundation, University of Waterloo, BRAC University, ICCCAD and ZMT Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research.
The 2nd day of the Conference on 29th of October 2023 at Hotel Raintree, featuring the session entitled "Transitions and Pathways in Small-Scale Fisheries from Vulnerability to Viability." The session was co-chaired by Dr. Prateep Kumar Nayak and Dr. Sisir Kanta Pradhan, both from the V2V Global Partnership Secretariate at the University of Waterloo, Canada. This session aimed to critically examine the diverse factors and conditions contributing to the vulnerability of small-scale fisheries, and to reflect on ways that are crucial to enhance their viability.
The V2V session was based upon two distinct categories. The first segment of the session featured a series of 15-minute presentations, focusing on V2V country specific case studies from various countries, including Bangladesh, India, Japan, Malaysia, and Indonesia along with two case study presentations from V2V graduate students and two introductory presentations.
The second segment of the conference featured a panel discussion with esteemed panelists: Dr. Marion Glaser, Senior Social Scientist at the Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT); Jewel Das, PhD Student at the Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT); Dr. Basanta Das, Director of ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute in Kolkata, West Bengal; Dr. Haseeb Md. Irfanullah, an Independent Consultant and Visiting Research Fellow at CSD, ULAB and Ruyel Miah, PhD Candidate in Sustainability Management, School of Environment, Enterprise and Development, University of Waterloo, Canada. Each panelist shared their valuable perspectives and insights based on case studies, fostering engaging discussions between the audience and the experts.
Subsequently, the session continued with four breakout groups, comprising members of the V2V session, presenting diverse ideas aimed at drawing lessons from the case studies and moving towards synthesis and building regional and global perspective on the nature of vulnerability-viability transitions and pathways. The session reached its culmination with a thought-provoking address by Dr. Prateep Kumar Nayak, who delved into the concerns and potential solutions associated with transitioning small-scale fisheries from vulnerability to viability.
Spotlight on Key Sustainable Development Themes Through Global Collaboration in the 6th Annual CSD Conference at ULAB Concludes. Please click here.
CSD Conference 2023 and V2V Regional Meeting in Bangladesh
Md. Ruyel Miah | PhD Candidate, School of Environment, Enterprise and Development, University of Waterloo, Canada.
14 November 2023
It has been a great eight days with the V2V South-East Regional Team in my country, and I have been fortunate to be part of a fantastic workshop, conference, meeting and field visits. First, it was my absolute pleasure to welcome my supervisor and V2V Director, Dr. Prateep Kumar Nayak, here in my home city, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Some V2V students from Sylhet Agricultural University also joined me to welcome Dr. Nayak at the airport. We visited a couple of unique ecosystems, i.e., Ratargul Swamp Forest and Tanguar haor (Ramsar site) in Sylhet, Bangladesh. We observed the local fisheries resources and the livelihood strategies of small-scale fishing communities.
It has been a great eight days with the V2V South-East Regional Team in my country, and I have been fortunate to be part of a fantastic workshop, conference, meeting and field visits. First, it was my absolute pleasure to welcome my supervisor and V2V Director, Dr. Prateep Kumar Nayak, here in my home city, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Some V2V students from Sylhet Agricultural University also joined me to welcome Dr. Nayak at the airport. We visited a couple of unique ecosystems, i.e., Ratargul Swamp Forest and Tanguar haor (Ramsar site) in Sylhet, Bangladesh. We observed the local fisheries resources and the livelihood strategies of small-scale fishing communities.
The second part of our learning journey was in Cox's Bazar for a workshop on Knowledge to Action (K2A), organized by the Center for Sustainable Development (CSD), University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB) and their partners. It was great to know and find pathways to bring knowledge regarding small-scale farmers/fishers into action. The workshop was helpful to learn about the impact of mega-project/blue economy on local communities and the ways to move forward incorporating local knowledge and actions. We visited some of the communities, the longest sea beach in the world (i.e., the Cox's Bazar Sea beach), and turtle nesting ground during our stay in Cox's Bazar. After two and a half-day workshop, we moved to Dhaka for the 6th Annual CSD Conference.
The last part of the journey was participating in the 6th Annual CSD Conference on Sustainable Development, 2023, organized and hosted by CSD, ULAB. It has been an excellent learning experience about sustainability, resilience and equity from the rich discussion and presentation of participants from Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Germany, and Canada. A couple of sessions have been organized by the V2V team at the conference. I had the privilege of presenting a case study on Transboundary Sundarbans governance and got feedback from the participants. I also participated in a V2V discussion forum as a discussant. It was a great experience to discuss and reflect on things that we have learned from the V2V country case studies.
On the conference's final day, we had our V2V regional meeting. One of the main discussions was about creating a common platform for V2V students from member countries, which will help students interact, learn from each other, develop networks, and find areas of collaboration. The platform is open for graduate students and early career researchers interested in or focusing on small-scale fisheries research. The V2V students will lead and facilitate this platform. There will be some recurring events, primarily virtual, every year for students. The communication with the students will start soon, and the activities will kick off in January 2024. The information about the events and activities will be shared soon.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Nayak and V2V Global Partnership for the opportunity to participate. I am also grateful to CSD, ULAB and the team and organizing partners for organizing those events and allowing us to participate, interact, learn and reflect.
Fisher folks in Gaburia demand government support for alternative livelihoods
V2V Research Assistant | University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh
15 Sep 2021
People of Gaburia Union of the Satkhira district mainly depend on fishing in the mangrove river system. However, livelihood restrictions are being imposed by natural and governance issues. First, agricultural production is negatively impacted by existing salinity problems in the area. In addition, fishing activities have become limited due to conservation measures. Currently, the Department of Fisheries (DoF) protects 90% of the Sundarban area, which restricts fishing activities, and imposes a 6-months strict fishing ban to protect fish stock and biodiversity of the mangrove ecosystem. As a result, fisher folks complain that with such limited scopes of fishing activities they cannot support their livelihoods. Fishers are stricken with debts and poverty that sometimes lead to conflict with the wildlife conservators. As a solution, they now demand alternative livelihoods and a better incentive program by the government to save the fishing communities of Gabura.
In September 2021, researchers from an ongoing research project from the Centre for Sustainable Development, University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh, conducted interviews with fishers to understand governance and conflicts related to small-scale fisheries. In total, researchers interviewed 18 fisher folks equally divided into three groups with equal gender representation from the Gabura island. The fisher folks stated that the government is strictly ensuring the safety of the mangrove ecosystem with a fishing ban and protected areas. However, it is failing to compensate the mangrove-dependent communities with alternative livelihoods and incentives. At present there is no initiative to create alternative livelihoods for the communities; nor is there any micro-credit support for them. Currently, incentive programs are flawed and insufficient. For instance, incentives are only provided to fishers who have registered fishing cards in their name, but the incentives do not reach the people that need them the most. Moreover, many fishers who work in contracts remain out of the coverage because fishing cards are issued to boat owners only.
Such discrepancy in the incentive scheme and lack of livelihood support is negatively impacting the fishing communities' income security. While agriculture is not feasible and fishers lack the necessary skills for switching to other well-paying jobs, they mostly rely on migrating to other areas for low-paid day labourer jobs. Because low-paid jobs are not sufficient to support their household expenses, fishers take informal loans with high interest. They are not eligible to receive loans from formal organizations because of not having collateral evidence. As a result of low income compounded by increasing loans trap them in a debt cycle and poverty. Fisher folks mention that they have to cut on their expenses of education, health, and food in order to make a living. Even when the fishing ban is not in place, they cannot recover their loss as they have to repay their loans.
Many fisher folks cannot withstand the crippling effects of poverty, and at some point, they indulge in conflicts with the authority. Many people disobey the rules and fish during the ban period by bribing the authority. Some use current nets to get more harvest. Even though catching shrimp fry is illegal, some women catch fry and sell them to farm owners, they also damage other species in bycatch. Even though many people face punishment and fines if caught breaking the law, they again exploit the system to fill their economic needs. This attitude of exploiting the system shows that the purpose of protecting the biodiversity is vulnerable to the fisher folks' helplessness.
Fishers suggest that the government should protect both biodiversity and fishing communities together, otherwise, conservation measures will not be sustainable in the long run. Combined with conservation measures, alternative livelihoods and an efficient incentive system are needed. If adequate alternative livelihoods are available, incentives may not even be required. Fishers hope that the government will take their demands into consideration and act positively.
Write-ups for the Fifth Edition of V2V Commons
Reflections on the V2V - Chilika Virtual Field School 2021
Chilika Field School had a different tone this year. With restrictions imposed due to the pandemic, the field school was adapted to a remote school. However, many elements of the ‘field’ were interestingly in place. The field school was fruitful in many ways, here, I highlight three big learnings from this year’s Chilika Field School.
First, adaptation is required in times of change and uncertainty. This adaptation from in-person to online field school allowed for a larger number of participants and a broad range of speakers from around the world. The school counted about 50 participants from 12 countries and 15 well-recognized speakers active in science, practice and/or policy in different fields surrounding coastal sustainability and development. This was a plus of the online field school, while the interaction with local fishers was still in place – this time online. On the other hand, an online school loses some of the experiential learning, including the perception of the environment and human interaction when ‘using the 5 senses’.
Second, when rethinking coastal sustainability, we recognize that “there is no blueprint for effective governance; context is key” (Derek Armitage, August 7, 2021). Effective coastal governance requires an understanding of how people interact with one another; how stakeholders value coastal resources; who gets what, when and how. Thus, rethinking coastal sustainability entails the political context, social norms and cultural dimensions of local livelihoods, demographics, and literacy characteristics of stakeholders, as well as key social-ecological changes in place. Context involves an understanding of complex interactions in different levels and scales. It is not only local, rather, it ranges from local to global and is key to pursue a transition from vulnerable to viable coasts.
Third, understanding the complexities of viable coasts requires a transdisciplinary lens. This includes rethinking a social contract and transitioning from top-down decisions on sustainability and development. Sharing power and enabling local voices and knowledge to inform decision-making can better tackle contextual factors. Moreover, the subjective dimension of sustainability is key. This includes themes such as wellbeing and happiness. Subjective dimensions of sustainability refer to one’s perception about his or her life, which will shape behaviour, and mediate human-nature interactions. For instance, climate migration is a key adaptation strategy in areas impacted by extreme weather conditions. The subjective perception of the new life is a relevant part of the effects of climate change in the human population, in addition to environmental effects. Thus, a transdisciplinary lens helps to depict this complexity.
- Ana Carolina Esteves Dias | Postdoctoral fellow and a member of V2V’s secretariat, University of Waterloo, Canada
I am grateful for the opportunity of joining others in the V2V - Chilika Virtual Field School 2021. Everyone was intensively engaged with the panels of experts through the power talks given. The most striking talk held in that eight-day journey was about the actions and policies revolving small-scale fisher folks around the world since it resonated with my current research. All the experts involved echoed the crux of the matter that cannot be denied – communication with the fisher folks and initiating instruments to aid them in realizing their rights and voice.
- Athena Kimberly Sipaun | Master’s student, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak (UNIRAZAK), Malaysia
I experienced a feeling of satisfaction throughout all eight 8 days of the V2V - Chilika Field School 2021. I have enjoyed all the insightful sessions on the concept of “RETHINKING” in relation to various aspects of coastal zones management. The flagship knowledge I gained is that “RETHINKING” is more “ADD AND REMOVE” to meet new challenges than “CHANGE”. My understanding of developed topics during this field school has been confirmed the last day by my presentation entitled RETHINKING FISHERIES POLICY: WHEN AND FOR WHAT? During this school, I also met new friends and researchers interested in future collaborations.
- Edeya Orobiyi Rodrigue Pelebe | Postdoctoral Fellow in Fisheries Science at the Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
Emerging island countries such as Indonesia are aggressively developing a maritime-based economy given the breadth of fishery resources, also known as the blue economy concept. But we need to consider the potential of maritime resources as public "goods" that have a non-rival and non-exclusive nature that is open access. These types of goods include common property rights which means anyone can use them for economic purposes. The possibility of sectoral ego to utilize fishery resources excessively by each sector becomes an alarm in the application of the blue economy concept. This indication may arise because of the freedom of utilization of natural resources from various sectors that causes collective action of excessive utilization of natural resources that damage nature. This is the so-called failure of collective community action in the utilization of natural resources.
- Aini Nur Furoida | Master’s student, Diponegoro University (UNDIP), Indonesia
Rethinking in relation to coastal sustainability involves learning and unlearning some theories, concepts and knowledge we have had over the years to improve coastal development and sustainability. Rethinking in a transdisciplinary way is needed since, in the actual sense, nothing stands alone. All aspects of life are interconnected. There is a need for strategies that cross many boundaries to create a holistic approach in the quest for a developed and sustainable coast across countries. In rethinking concepts, the concept of value should be emphasized. This is because if there is an understanding of the measure of the value of livelihoods derived from the environment which includes the coast, then you would do everything possible to protect and sustain it. In all, stability in methodological approaches is imperative. This field school has helped me in having a broader knowledge of coastal livelihood.
- Chineboaba Araba Afful | PhD student, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Senegal
Chilika Field School presented the most unexpected, exciting, experience. The school sessions were very instructive, practical, and fun. The multidisciplinary approach allowed experiencing the small-scale fisheries from varying angles. Our coordinators and resource persons were vast in knowledge, confident and firm, you could have thought we were in a traditional class. What stood out was the teamwork spirit and respect for each other, working within the smaller and larger groups. Each voice was heard, and the messages were received. The session with the fishermen brought with it nostalgia, the spirit of togetherness, connection to nature and the desire to preserve and leave legacies for generations.
- Foluke Omotayo Areola | PhD student, Lagos State University (LASU), Nigeria
One of the events that I participated in was the V2V field school which lasted for 7 days. It was sad that it had to be done online but Iam glad it didn't detract from the essence of the event itself. It was a valuable experience for me being able to receive knowledge from very extraordinary speakers. I would like to reflect on the event on the theme of the fifth day titled 'What does a policy by, of and for the people look like?' and 'Rethinking policies as if they matter’:
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Small-scale fisheries are vulnerable to politicization and it's important to protect them with policies that support them. As academics, we can help in creating the insight to build or develop the policies.
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Implementation cannot be done quickly and can take years to fully implement. The process itself is also costly and time-consuming. Since the circumstances of small-scale fisheries are dynamic, implementation is a continuous process and adapting to the circumstance. While the governance principles stated in the SSF Guidelines may remain, the policies and actions that follow should change according to how they are implemented, their location and lessons learned through the process.
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<< To act and to change>> It is recommended that lawmakers, governments and relevant fisheries stakeholders consider incorporating fisheries laws and other relevant fisheries policies to improve fisheries management. This will help target assistance and protection programs to those who need it and empower and improve the standard of living of small-scale fishers.
My research is to find out what causes vulnerability, what is their adaptive capacity, what is their situation and what should be done to develop a good management strategy. A good policy is a policy that is created in accordance with the needs of the community. Transdisciplinary is very important to keep bringing together researchers from various disciplines of science under the V2V umbrella.
- Hapsari Ayu Kusumawardhani | Master’s student, Diponegoro University (UNDIP), Indonesia
I am very grateful to the V2V collaborators and CSD, ULAB, for giving me the privilege of participating in the field school with leading experts and vibrant students coming from different parts of the world. It was very mesmerizing to witness the collaboration of people from different disciplines on a single agenda-development of coastal small-scale fishing communities. Such mutual interest is the true reflection of the transdisciplinary approach which is greatly needed and believed in academic communities to achieve sustainable development. While there is a lot of talk about the barriers and difficulties of involving researchers from different disciplines for a common purpose, this field school sets an example model for everyone. Insightful talks from leading experts and interesting engagements with peer participants on the importance of rethinking governance, policy, action and advocacy, knowledge and theory, as well as political ecology enhanced my knowledge and changed my outlook. I now can think more clearly about the significance of all these factors to obtain a holistic understanding of problems and to design their solutions. I look forward to participating in the next V2V school.
- Mohammad Budrudzaman | Undergraduate student, University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB), Bangladesh
Participating in the V2V-Chilika Virtual Field School (2021) was an eye-opening experience for me. Although the global pandemic encumbered our in-person meet on the shores of Chilika Lagoon, web-based space of the field school provided us overwhelming opportunities to connect and share thoughts with each other. Vibrant-themed sessions comprising lecture series by panelists, aptly conveyed as “Words that Inspire”, made my field school days fascinating. For me, the most captivating session was the online workshop and interaction with Chilika Fisher Federation. While listening virtually to our “mentors at the field”, I inevitably felt the imperatives to rethink remote, yet unfettered connectivity with the people who surround the reasons for (re)thinking sustainability issues, knowledge, concepts, practice, mindset, policies in our research.
- Raktima Ghosh | PhD student, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
I tried to picture how I was going to have this virtual field school without difficulties. I thought it would be difficult interacting with different people around the world with diverse educational backgrounds, but I was proved wrong. The Chilika experience was one of the best virtual field schools attended. The knowledge shared by different panel members helped me gain an in-depth understanding of the plight of the ordinary fisherman trying to make ends meet, thinking this was enough, I realized that was just the tip of the iceberg. The breakout session and the climax of the field school were phenomenal. I hope the next field school will be physically held to give more room for more interaction where there will be fewer constraints on time.
- Selorm Awiah Dzantor | Research Assistant at the Africa Center of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
V2V hosted a virtual field school starting August 7th with the core focus on rethinking the sustainability of SSF. I have worked with only SSFs at a local level, but the virtual field school had participants and speakers from almost every continent, resulting in us forging a more concrete understanding of the plight of the SSF and how to move forward with the knowledge we acquired. My only wish is that we have more interaction with the Chilika fisherfolk as the pandemic forced us into a virtual environment, but I was pleasantly surprised by how well-structured the entire event was.
- Syed Tauheed Raihan | Research Assistant at the Center for Sustainable Development (CSD), University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB), Bangladesh
It was a pleasure for me to participate in the V2V - Chilika Virtual Field School 2021. During the program, I had the opportunity to listen to myriad educational talks delivered by several hardworking and conscientious researchers and academics whose styles of presentation were superb and worthy of emulation. I found the topics very interesting, especially “The Secret to Happiness” and “We are in an age of Transdisciplinarity”. Although the program was commendable, considering the rampant illegal activities in many fisheries across the world, I believe that much attention should be given to topics that focus on behavioural change in fishers.
- Evans Kwasi Arizi | Lecturer, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
Write-ups for the Fourth Edition of V2V Commons
Aliou Sall
Social mobilization: A key factor in moving from Vulnerability to Viability
The scientific process underway in V2V, given the diversity of the institutional actors involved and the themes on its agenda, is indicative of its progressive, even humanistic, character. From my past experience with the scientific community, both in my country and internationally, I can say without gross error that V2V is a framework that recognizes the importance of the human and social sciences, which have been marginalized for a long time. It is obvious that interesting proposals for a transition to viability will emerge from the various initiatives underway, but to be effective, they need to be integrated into public policies, which is a factor of vulnerability itself.
The political dimension in which SSF is embedded must not be overlooked in our V2V approach. Indeed, the political dimension in which SSF is embedded must not be overlooked in our V2V approach. Indeed, I know that, as researchers, we have a limited role to play in the immense task of ensuring the transition to viability. But given that poor governance and unsustainable public policies are among the main factors behind vulnerability, it is becoming imperative, in my opinion, to study the various ways in which V2V (on a strictly scientific level) could contribute to the agenda of SSF organizations and Social movements.
Overmore, climate change is most often indexed - in a context of internationalization of the related debate - as the source of all the socio-economic and environmental challenges faced by SSF communities. It has become a strategy used by policy makers to absolve themselves by licensing poor governance, expressed through unsustainable fisheries policies. Indeed, climate change is increasingly used to try to externalize responsibility. Moreover, if one is animated by a grain of objectivity, it must be recognized that the political will required from decision-makers to mitigate vulnerability is not yet there. If this were the case, the implementation of certain international instruments - albeit optional - on the part of States should considerably cushion the impacts of shocks and risks to which SSF communities are exposed. The same is true of the SSF Guidelines to which states have committed themselves through Article 14 of the SDGs but whose effective implementation by states does not seem to be in the offing. Based on what has been said above and taking into account our institutional limits as a scientific community, we must promote a form of collaboration with key players who have the prerogatives to negotiate with political decision-makers. Our collaboration with the latter could, for example, be limited to capacity building for leaders of SSF associations and movements, through the sharing of the various materials resulting from our work: scientific articles, videos, etc.
I believe that without losing our souls as researchers, we can strengthen these organizations by providing them with a variety of resources. For example, we can host workshops to discuss the results of our work (e.g., I-ADApT) and discuss documents demonstrating the commitment of the States to contribute to a V2V transition - for which V2V is designed and implemented - but without follow-up, for lack of a real political will on the part of these States. We have the example of the SSF Guidelines which recommendations, if really implemented should significantly contribute to the expected transition. It is in view of this factual situation - in general, does not mean commitment - and with a wish to see our scientific opinion effectively contribute to the transition, that I wished our proposals on viability to be considered not only as recommendations. But to achieve this, only the communities through their social movements/organizations will be able to exert their weight on the decision-making processes in favour of sustainable governance for artisanal fisheries. It is with respect to this that CREDETI¨P has planned (as part of the Senegal plan of actions) a certain number of workshops and related activities.
V2V Situational Analysis report on Small Scale Fisheries (SSF) of Bangladesh
Country in Action: Bangladesh
By: Sabiha Ahmed Diba | University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh
The Center for Sustainable Development (CSD) - ULAB has prepared the V2V Situational Analysis report on Small Scale Fisheries (SSF) of Bangladesh based on existing and ongoing research and literature from secondary sources (from 2011 to 2021). The report focused on SSF according to a geographic location within the country, such as rivers and coastal areas.
Here, we highlight three interesting and noted insights from the Situational Analysis report from Bangladesh. First, is the fact that one species of fish (Hilsa) dominated the SSF economy. It is noted that Hilsa fish is the primary catch by SSF and is valued greatly due to its cultural and traditional importance (Islam and Chuenpagdee, 2018), thus many of the sources focus more on this specific catch and not on the bycatch. SSF data are mostly based on Hilsa fish, therefore these have been used interchangeably with generic SSF. Second, we identify the Fishing ban and lack of alternate livelihood during the ban as a core vulnerability in SSF. To adapt to the fishing ban, fisher families diversify their livelihoods through alternative income-generating activities which are usually low-paid and not adequate to address their needs. Because of the lack of other skill sets, the fisher households are not able to diversify efficiently (Nahiduzzaman et al., 2018) and a key vulnerability. Finally, the lack of modern technology in the fishing methods used by SSF (e.g., ice to preserve catch, no radio or sonar) was identified as a core vulnerability in SSF in Bangladesh.
We identified many interesting insights; however, we also faced some challenges in preparing the Situational Analysis. It was hard to find secondary data for some areas, which are not available online, but the facts exist for the SSF Bangladesh context. Moreover, there are some concept areas relevant to SSF Bangladesh which are new (e.g., SSF in sustainable blue economy growth) and thereby, little information is available.
Country in Action: Bangladesh
By: Jannat Shancharika Suchi | University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh
Vulnerabilities in Small Scale Fishing Communities – Bangladeshi Perspective
Bangladesh is a riverine country which is constituted by three main river systems called Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. Bangladesh's aquaculture production is continuously growing, which includes island fish production, but the marine and coastal fisheries have a huge production as well. According to FAO (2021), the total fish production contributes 4% of the GDP, and this contribution normally is made by the small-scale fisheries (SSF) of Bangladesh. In the Bangladesh context, small-scale fisheries include fishing that is conducted without boats or with small, wooden and non-motorized boats. However, the definition varies based on different social, economic and cultural considerations.
The fishers are mainly involved with fishing as a profession as it has been passed on to the over generations. Their forefathers were fishers and they inherited the skills and occupation of fishing from their forefathers. Being born into a fisher family most learn fishing and boating from their early childhood. Many of them did not even learn any other skills for their future life which is why they normally have no other income sources other than fishing. They have to face various complexities and vulnerabilities as fishers. One of the major challenges the fishers in the coastal areas face is the impacts from natural disasters resulting in loss of life and assets. Natural disasters are the reason many have become landless. These situations are definitely vulnerable and helpless. Moreover, a large proportion of fishers do not own boats, nets or other fishing instruments and they have to depend on others for support. When they do so, they have to share a portion of their profits with the owners that reduces their own income and makes them financially vulnerable. As a result, fishers are forced to take loans from the 'dadoners' (agents) to arrange finance for fishing and enter into contracts by which they are bound to sell their fish to the 'dadoners' at a predetermined price which is often significantly lower than the market price. At the fish market, the interference from the middlemen is a crucial factor influencing levels of fisher vulnerability due to their exploitative interference and control of the market chain. In Bangladesh, there are about eight layers of middlemen that control virtually every step of the fisheries, starting from fishing to final sale. Moreover, fish often get rotten often because they quickly lose their stock of ice on a typically multiday fishing trip to the sea.
On the ecological front, the fish stock in the rivers or sea is decreasing day by day although the government is trying their best to protect the fish by imposing the 22 days fishing ban. During this ban season, the fishers are not allowed to fish which makes their livelihoods increasingly vulnerable. They end up livelihood crisis due to lack of capacity to save for the future and the absence of alternate livelihood or income avenues. So, fishers have to go through additional hardship during these periods of the ban. Although the government provides some aid to the fishing communities during the fish ban, it does not reach all fishers in most cases due to corruption and multiple malpractices. Only those with a fishing identity card get the official support but many either do not have a card or those with cards don’t get the aid as it is syphoned away by people involved in disbursing the aid. Fishers are not easily eligible to get financial support (loans) from banks as the banks always want collateral. This is tricky as most fishers do not own significant assets that can be used as collateral. As a result, they are pushed into a vicious cycle of indebtedness and get trapped with private lenders and high-interest rates. Sometimes they have to work under the owners or lenders at low or no wages after taking a private loan. Most of the fisher families have only one income-earning member. Lastly, the fishers do not receive adequate training that could help them try alternate jobs for income generation. Lack of capacity development opportunity adds to their vulnerability and pushes them to think that they are born as fishers and will probably die as fishers.
Reference:
1. FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Country Profile, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/fishery/facp/BGD/en, (accessed March 4, 2021).